“Hectare”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The hectare ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|k|t|ɛər|,_|-|t|ɑːr}}; SI symbol: ha) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides, or 10,000 m², and is primarily used in the measurement of land.^[1] There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres.

In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the "are" was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare ("hecto-" + "are") was thus 100 "ares" or {{frac|1|100}} km² (10,000 square metres). When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units ({{H:title|in French: Système International d'Unités|SI}}), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare, however, remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units, mentioned in Section 4.1 of the SI Brochure as a unit whose use is "expected to continue indefinitely".^[1]

History

The metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure:^[3]

In 1960, when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units (SI), the are did not receive international recognition. The International Committee for Weights and Measures ({{H:title|in French: Comité international des poids et mesures|CIPM}}) makes no mention of the are in the current (2006) definition of the SI, but classifies the hectare as a "Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units".^[5]

In 1972, the European Economic Community (EEC) passed directive 71/354/EEC,^[6] which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the Community. The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM, supplemented by a few other units including the are (and implicitly the hectare) whose use was limited to the measurement of land.

Units

The names centiare, deciare, decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area, the are.

Centiare

Deciare

{{anchor|are}}Are

The are ({{IPAc-en|ɑːr}}^[7] or {{IPAc-en|ɛər}}^[8]) is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres ({{nowrap|10 m × 10 m}}), used for measuring land area. It was defined by older forms of the metric system, but is now outside the modern International System of Units (SI).^[9] It is still commonly used in colloquial speech to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia, India, and in various European countries.

In Russian and other languages of the former Soviet Union, the are is called {{transl|ru|sotka}} ({{lang-ru|link=no|сотка}}: 'a hundred', i.e. 100 m² or {{frac|1|100}} hectare). It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large.

Decare

The decare ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|k|ɑːr|,_|-|ɛər}}) is derived from deca and are, and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway^[10] and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and the Balkans (Bulgaria)^[11] as a measure of land area. Instead of the name "decare", the names of traditional land measures are usually used, redefined as one decare:

Hectare

The hectare ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|k|t|ɛər|,_|-|t|ɑː|r}}^[15]), although not a unit of SI, is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use within the SI.^[16] In practice the hectare is fully derived from the SI, being equivalent to a square hectometre. It is widely used throughout the world for the measurement of large areas of land, and it is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership, planning, and management, including law (land deeds), agriculture, forestry, and town planning throughout the European Union.^[17] The United Kingdom,^[18] United States, Burma,^[19]^[20] and to some extent Canada use the acre instead.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements (e.g. Canada) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Others, such as South Africa, published conversion factors which were to be used particularly "when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation".^[21]

In many countries, metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units. The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare:^[22]

Conversions

Visualising a hectare

International rugby pitch

On an international rugby union field the goal lines are up to 100 metres apart. Behind the goal line is the in-goal area (which is also a playing area). This area extends between 10 and 22 metres behind the goal line, giving a maximum length of 144 metres for the playing area. The maximum width of the pitch is 70 metres, giving a maximum playing area of 10,080 square metres or 1.008 hectares.^[30]

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor. Its base is built on eighteenth-century fortifications.

The distance between the apex of the bastions in the front of the base to those at the back (where the entrance to the statue is located) is approximately 100 m while the distance between the apexes of the left-hand and right-hand bastions is a little under 100 m. Thus, if a square were to enscribe the bastions, it would have sides of approximately 100 m, giving it an area of one hectare.

Interior of all-weather athletics track

Athletics tracks are found in almost every country of the world. Although many tracks consist of markings on a field of suitable size, where funds permit, specialist all-weather tracks have a rubberized artificial running surface with a grass interior (as shown in the picture and diagram). The perimeter of the inside kerb of the track is a little under 400 metres, as the actual length of the track is measured 300 mm from the inside kerb.^[31] The IAAF specifications state that the radius of the kerb is 36.5 m, from which it can be calculated that the area inside the kerb is 1.035 ha.

See also

Notes

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|author1=BIPM|title=SI Brochure, Table 6|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/table6.html|accessdate=17 November 2014|date=2014}}
2. ^Oxford English Dictionary, 1st edition s.v.
3. ^{{cite web |url= http://aviatechno.free.fr/unites/nouveausys.php|title = La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté »|language = French|trans-title=The law of 18 Germanial year 3 "The [Republican] measure of land area equivalent to a ten-metre square"|publisher = Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) – Forum des Anciens|accessdate = 2 March 2010}}
4. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/unites/infos/stere/Le%20stere.pdf|title = Le stère|work = Tout sur les unités de mesure [All the units of measure]|language = French|author = Thierry Thomasset|publisher = Université de Technologie de Compiègne|accessdate = 21 March 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table6.html |title=SI brochure (Chapter 4; Table 6) |publisher=International Bureau of Weights and Measures |year=2006 |accessdate=5 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001100650/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table6.html |archivedate=1 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^{{cite web| url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/Notice.do?mode=dbl&lang=en&lng1=en,nl&lng2=da,de,el,en,es,fr,it,nl,pt,&val=22924:cs&page=1&hwords=| title=Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to units of measurement, (71/354/EEC)| accessdate=7 February 2009}}
7. ^{{cite web|url = http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0038720?rskey=sLRO50&result=2#m_en_gb0038720|title = are|publisher = Oxford Dictionaries|accessdate = 24 December 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/are_7 |title=are – definition. American English definition of are by Macmillan Dictionary |publisher=Macmillandictionary.com |date= |accessdate=20 May 2012}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/|title=SI brochure (8th edition)|accessdate=|date=March 2006|publisher=BIPM}}
10. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ssb.no/korn_en/arkiv/art-2003-03-19-01-en.html|title = Decrease in total grain yield|work = Grain and oil seeds, area and production, 2002|publisher = Statistics Norway|accessdate = 16 November 2010}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bnr.bg/sites/en/Economy/Pages/0510Marketofagriculturalland.aspx |title=Market of agricultural land in Bulgaria |date=5 October 2010 |publisher=BNR Radio Bulgaria |accessdate=16 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022061357/http://www.bnr.bg/sites/en/Economy/Pages/0510Marketofagriculturalland.aspx |archivedate=22 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}}
12. ^Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής (Dictionary of Modern Greek), Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998. {{ISBN|960-231-085-5}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1= El-Eini |first1= Roza I.M. |title= Mandated landscape: British imperial rule in Palestine, 1929–1948 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ekQOAAAAQAAJ |accessdate= 5 May 2009 |year= 2006 |publisher= Routledge |location= |isbn= 978-0-7146-5426-3 |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= xxiii |chapter= Currency and Measures |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=ekQOAAAAQAAJ&dq=El-Eini+%22Mandated+Landscape%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=Nqqy5AZ68a&sig=7a4faV6n_F9rSonfla0pC5wCGZA&hl=en&ei=xPz_SfHgJqXhtge_lJWQBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#PPR23,M1 |ref= CITEREFEl-Eini2006 |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2006/10/05061631.pdf|title = DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS, AND RURAL PAYMENTS AGENCY; The Delays in Administering the 2005 Single Payment Scheme in England|page=27|publisher = National Audit Office|date = 18 October 2006}}
15. ^{{cite web|url = http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0370830#m_en_gb0370830|title = hectare|publisher = Oxford Dictionaries|accessdate = 24 December 2010}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|author= Bureau international des poids et mesures |year=2006 |url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf |title=The International System of Units (SI)|version= 8th ed.|accessdate=13 February 2008}} Chapter 5.
17. ^{{cite web | url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1980L0181:20090527:EN:PDF| author = The Council of the European Communities | title = Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC | date=27 May 2009 | accessdate=29 January 2010}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/pdfs/ukpga_19850072_en.pdf |title=Weights and Measures Act 1985|work=British Government|year=1985|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2016}}
19. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html |title=Appendix G – Weights and Measures |work=The World Factbook |year=2006 |publisher=CIA |accessdate=8 August 2006}}
20. ^MYA/01/008 Agriculture Sectore Review, Working Paper No. 6 – Agroindustry in Myanmar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515190933/http://www.agrifoodconsulting.com/ACI/uploaded_files/project_report/project_46_364535920.pdf |date=15 May 2013 }}
21. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.lawsoc.co.za/webs/surveyorgeneral/2007_11_area_conversion.doc|title = Instructions for the Conversions of Areas to Metric|publisher = Law Society of South Africa|date = November 2007|accessdate = 21 January 2011}}
22. ^Britannica, unit of measurement, accessed 30 October 2009
23. ^{{cite book|last=Chisholm|first=Hugh|authorlink=Hugh Chisholm|title=The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkMOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA442|accessdate=15 March 2012|year=1911|publisher=The Encyclopædia britannica company|page=442}}
24. ^{{cite web|url = http://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/Opp.html|title = Oppervlakte|trans-title=Area|work = Eenheden, constanten en conversies [Units, constants and conversion]|language = Dutch|author = Oscar van Vlijmen|date = 11 September 2006|accessdate = 15 January 2011}}
25. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XYVbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title = Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst|author = Jacob de Gelder|location = 's-Gravenhage and Amsterdam|language = Dutch|year = 1824|page = 156|publisher = de Gebroeders van Cleef|trans-title=Introduction to Numeracy|accessdate =19 September 2012}}
26. ^{{cite book|title=BS350:Part 1:1974 Conversion factors and tables Part 1. Basis of tables. Conversion factors|date=1974|publisher=British Standards Institution|page=7}}
27. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.mandarintools.com/measures.html|title = Chinese Measurements – Units of Area|work = On-line Chinese Tools|accessdate = 24 December 2010}}
28. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GV1aV7V7I00C&pg=PP27&lpg=PP27&dq=metrication+malta&source=bl&ots=GHw3Md5qmA&sig=OpavKOdZ7i5Fi-whIcP8BEoLFA8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Rmh0T-LiNIXLhAfG2PylBQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title = Encyclopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins|author = François Cardarelli|page = 97|publisher = Springer Verlag|location = London, Berlin and Heidelberg|year = 2003|isbn = 1-85233-682-X|accessdate = 29 March 2011}}
29. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.siam-legal.com/realestate/thailand-convert-rai.php|title = Thailand Property Conversion|publisher = Siam Legal (Thailand) Co., Ltd|accessdate = 24 December 2010}}
30. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.irblaws.com/EN/laws/2/1/2/before-the-match/the-ground/the-plan/#clause_2|title = Law 1 – The Ground|work = Laws of the Game – Rugby Union 2010|publisher = International Rugby Board (IRB)|accessdate = 19 December 2010}}
31. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.iaaf.org/download/download?filename=77c027b0-46b8-405d-9ffd-889fa28e3f6e.pdf&urlslug=MANUALS%20-%20IAAF%20Track%20and%20Field%20Facilities%20Manual%202008%20Edition%20-%20Chapters%201-3|title = IAAF 400 Metre Standard Track Marking Plan|publisher = IAAF|year = 2008|page=35|accessdate = 11 February 2013}}