“Joe Manchin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Joseph Manchin III^[1] (born August 24, 1947) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from West Virginia, a seat he has held since 2010. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th governor of West Virginia from 2005 to 2010 and the 27th secretary of state of West Virginia from 2001 to 2005.

Manchin has been known throughout his career to be a moderate Democrat, a fact which has allowed him to win elections in West Virginia even as the state shifted from one of the most heavily Democratic in the country to one of the most heavily Republican.^[2] He won the 2004 gubernatorial election by a large margin and was re-elected with an even larger margin in 2008; in both years, Republican presidential candidates captured the majority of West Virginia's votes. Manchin won the special election in 2010 to fill the seat vacated by Senator Robert Byrd when he died in office. Manchin was elected to a full term in 2012 with 60 percent of the vote, and was later reelected in 2018 by a much narrower margin. Manchin became the state's senior U.S. Senator when Jay Rockefeller retired in 2015.

As a member of Congress, Manchin is known for his bipartisanship, voting or working with Republicans on issues such as abortion and gun ownership. He opposed the energy policies of President Barack Obama, voted against cloture for the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 (he did not vote on the bill itself), voted for removing federal funding from Planned Parenthood in 2015, and voted to confirm most of Republican President Donald Trump's cabinet and judicial appointees. However, Manchin has repeatedly voted against attempts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare), voted to preserve funding for Planned Parenthood in 2017, and voted against the 2017 Republican tax plan. Manchin has complained about the "toxic" lack of bipartisanship in Congress on almost every issue; "liberal activists argue he is too conservative for the Democratic Party, while Republicans argue he is too liberal for West Virginia."^[3]

Early life and education

Manchin was born in 1947 in Farmington, West Virginia, a small coal mining town, the second of five children of Mary O. (née Gouzd) and John Manchin.^[4]^[5] Manchin was derived from "Mancini". His father was of Italian descent and his maternal grandparents were Czechoslovak immigrants.^[4]^[6]

His father owned a carpet and furniture store, and his grandfather, Joseph Manchin, owned a grocery store.^[7] His father and his grandfather both served as Mayor of Farmington, West Virginia. His uncle, A.J. Manchin, was a member of the West Virginia House of Delegates and was elected as the state's Secretary of State and Treasurer.^[8]

Manchin graduated from Farmington High School in 1965.^[9] He entered West Virginia University on a football scholarship in 1965; however, an injury during practice ended his football career. Manchin graduated in 1970 with a degree in business administration^[10] and went to work for his family's business, where he ran a carpet store.^[4]

Manchin was a childhood friend of Alabama Crimson Tide football coach Nick Saban and they are still close friends to this day.^[11]

Early political career

Manchin was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1982 at the age of 35 and was elected to the West Virginia Senate in 1986, where he served until 1996. He ran for governor in 1996, finishing second to Charlotte Pritt among a large group of candidates in the Democratic primary election. He later ran and was elected as Secretary of State of West Virginia in 2000.

Governor of West Virginia

Manchin announced his intention to challenge incumbent Democratic Governor, Bob Wise, in the 2004 Democratic primary election in May 2003. Wise decided not to seek re-election after a scandal, and Manchin won the Democratic primary and general election by large margins. His election marked the first time that two people of the same political party had followed one another in the West Virginia Governor's office since 1964.

Manchin was a member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors' Association, and the Democratic Governors Association. He was also chairman of the Southern States Energy Board, state's chair of the Appalachian Regional Commission and chairman of the Interstate Mining Compact Commission.

In July 2005, Massey Energy CEO Don Blankenship sued Manchin, alleging that Manchin had violated Blankenship's First Amendment rights by threatening increased government scrutiny of his coal operations in retaliation for Blankenship's political activities.^[12] Blankenship had donated substantial funds into campaigns to defeat a proposed pension bond amendment and oppose the re-election of state Supreme Court Justice Warren McGraw,^[13] and he fought against a proposed increase in the severance tax on extraction of mineral resources.^[14] Soon after defeat of the pension bond amendment, the state Division of Environmental Protection (DEP) revoked a permit approval for controversial new silos near Marsh Fork Elementary School in Raleigh County. While area residents had complained for some time that the coal operation there endangered their children, Blankenship claimed that the DEP acted in response to his opposition to the bond amendment.^[15]

During the 2006 Sago Mine disaster in early January 2006 in Upshur County, West Virginia, Manchin appeared to confirm incorrect reports that 12 miners had survived;{{citation needed |date=October 2011}} in actuality only one survived. Manchin later acknowledged that an unintentional miscommunication had occurred with rescue teams in the mine.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} On February 1, 2006, he ordered a stop to all coal production in West Virginia, pending safety checks, after two more miners were killed in separate accidents.^[16] Sixteen West Virginia coal miners died from mining accidents in early 2006. In November 2006, SurveyUSA ranked him as one of the most popular governors in the country with a 74 percent approval rating.^[17]

Manchin easily won re-election to a second term as governor in 2008 against Republican Russ Weeks, capturing 69.77% percent of the vote and winning every county.^[18]

U.S. Senate

Elections

2010

Due to the declining health of Senator Robert Byrd, speculation focused on what Manchin's response would be if Byrd died. The governor consistently refused to comment on the subject prior to Byrd's death, except for stating that he would not appoint himself to the position.^[19] Byrd died on June 28, 2010,^[20] and Manchin appointed Carte Goodwin, his 36-year-old legal adviser, on July 16.^[21]

On July 20, 2010, Manchin announced he would seek the Senate seat.^[22] In the Democratic primary on August 28, he defeated former Democratic Congressman and former West Virginia Secretary of State Ken Hechler.^[23] In the general election, he then defeated Republican John Raese.

2012

Manchin chose to stand for reelection to a full term in 2012. According to the Democratic firm Public Policy Polling, early polling found Manchin heavily favored, leading Congresswoman Shelley Moore Capito 50–39, 2010 opponent John Raese 60–31, and Congressman David McKinley 57–28.^[24] Manchin had not endorsed his party's candidate, President Barack Obama, for the 2012 presidential election, saying that he had "some real differences" with the presumptive nominees of both major parties, finding fault with Obama's economic and energy policies, and questioning Romney's understanding of the "challenges facing ordinary people."^[25]

Manchin defeated Republican John Raese and Mountain Party candidate Bob Henry Baber with 60.49% of the total vote and won a full term in the U.S. Senate.^[26]

2018

In 2018, Manchin ran for re-election.^[27] He was challenged in the Democratic primary by Paula Jean Swearengin. Swearengin is an activist and coal miner's daughter who is supported by former members of the Bernie Sanders campaign. Swearengin criticized Manchin for voting with the Republicans and supporting the policies of Donald Trump.^[3]^[28]

On the Republican side, Manchin was challenged by West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey. In August 2017, Morrisey publicly asked Manchin to resign from the Senate Democratic leadership team. Manchin responded, "I don't give a shit, you understand?" to a Charleston Gazette-Mail reporter when asked about Morrisey's call. "I just don't give a shit. Don't care if I get elected, don't care if I get defeated, how about that?"^[29]

In the November 6, 2018 general election, Manchin was re-elected to a second full term, defeating Morrisey with 49.5% of the total vote.

Tenure

Manchin was sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on November 15, 2010, succeeding interim Senator Carte Goodwin. Manchin named Democratic strategist Chris Kofinis to be his chief of staff. In 2015, Manchin announced that he would seek re-election to the Senate in 2018.^[27]

Political positions

Joe Manchin is often considered to be a moderate^[30]^[31]—or even conservative^[30]^[32]—Democrat. Manchin describes himself as "fiscally responsible and socially compassionate"; CBS News has called him "a rifle-brandishing moderate" who is "about as centrist as a senator can get".^[33] The American Conservative Union gave him a 25% lifetime conservative rating and Americans for Democratic Action, a progressive PAC, gave him a 35% liberal quotient in 2016.^[34] In February 2018, Congressional Quarterly published a study finding that Manchin had voted with President Trump's position 71% of the time.^[35] {{as of|2018|June|}}, Five ThirtyEight, which tracks congressional votes, found that Manchin had voted with President Trump's position nearly 61% of the time.^[36] In 2013, the National Journal gave Manchin an overall score of 55% conservative and 46% liberal.^[37]

Abortion

Manchin identifies as "pro-life".^[38] He has mixed ratings from both pro-choice and pro-life political action groups. In 2018, Planned Parenthood, which supports legal abortion, gave Manchin a lifetime grade of 57% while National Right to Life (NRLC), which opposes abortion, gave Manchin a 40% score; in 2016, the NRLC scored Manchin at 75% and NARAL Pro-Choice America gave him a 100% in the same year.^[39] On August 3, 2015, he broke with Democratic leadership by voting in favor of a Republican-sponsored bill to terminate federal funding for Planned Parenthood, a nonprofit organization that provides reproductive health services, including abortions, both in the United States and globally.^[40] He has the endorsement of Democrats for Life of America, a pro-life Democratic PAC.^[41]

On March 30, 2017, however, Manchin expressed support for abortion rights providers by voting against H.J.Res. 43.^[42] The bill would have prevented states from withholding money from abortion providers. H.J.Res. 43, which was signed by President Trump, would have nullified that regulation.^[43] In April 2017, Manchin endorsed the continued funding of Planned Parenthood.^[44]^[45]^[46] Also in 2017, Planned Parenthood gave Manchin a rating of 44%.^[47] In January 2018, Manchin joined two other Democrats and the majority of Republicans by voting in favor of a bill to ban abortion after 20 weeks.^[48] In June 2018, following the retirement of Supreme Court justice Anthony Kennedy, Manchin urged Trump not to appoint a judge who would seek to overturn Roe v. Wade and to instead choose a "centrist."^[49]

In 2019, Manchin was one of three Democrats, joining all Republicans, who voted in favor of a bill to require that doctors care for infants born alive after a failed abortion.^[50]

Afghanistan

On June 21, 2011, Manchin delivered a speech on the Senate floor calling for a "substantial and responsible reduction in the United States' military presence in Afghanistan." He said, "We can no longer afford to rebuild Afghanistan and America. We must choose. And I choose America."^[51]

Manchin introduced legislation to reduce the use of overseas service and security contractors. He successfully amended the 2013 National Defense Authorization Act to cap contractors' taxpayer funded salaries at $230,000.^[52]

Bipartisanship

In his first year in office, Manchin met one-on-one with all of his 99 Senate colleagues in an effort to get to know them better.^[53]

On December 13, 2010, Manchin participated in the launch of No Labels, a new, nonpartisan organization that is "committed to bringing all sides together to move the nation forward."^[54] Manchin is a co-chair of No Labels.^[55]

Manchin worked with Senator Pat Toomey (R-PA) to introduce legislation that would require a background check for most gun sales.^[56]

Manchin opposed the January 2018 government shutdown.^[57] The New York Times suggested that Manchin helped bring an end to the shutdown by threatening not to run for re-election unless his fellow Democrats put an end to it.^[57]

Before his Senate swearing-in, rumors suggested that the Republican Party was courting Manchin to change parties.^[58] Although the Republicans later suggested that Manchin was the source of the rumors,^[59] they attempted to convince him again in 2014 after retaking control of the Senate.^[60] He again rejected their overtures.^[61] As the 2016 elections approached, reports speculated that Manchin would switch to the Republican Party if the Senate were in a 50-50 tie.^[62] However, he later stated that he would stay with the Democratic Party for at least as long as he remained in the Senate.^[63]

On January 8, 2019, Manchin was one of four Democrats to vote to advance a bill imposing sanctions against the Syrian government and furthering U.S. support for Israel and Jordan as Democratic members of the chamber employed tactics to end the stalemate of the United States federal government shutdown of 2018–2019.^[64]

China

In July 2017, he urged Trump to block the sale of the Chicago Stock Exchange to Chinese investors, arguing that China's "rejection of fundamental free-market norms and property rights of private citizens makes me strongly doubt whether an Exchange operating under the direct control of a Chinese entity can be trusted to 'self-regulate' now and in the future." He also expressed concern "that the challenges plaguing the Chinese market – lack of transparency, currency manipulation, etc. – will bleed into the Chicago Stock Exchange and adversely impact financial markets across the country."^[65]

Dodd-Frank

In 2018, Manchin was one of 17 Democrats to break with their party and vote with Republicans to ease the Dodd-Frank banking rules.^[66]

Donald Trump

Manchin welcomed Donald Trump's presidency, saying: "He'll correct the trading policies, the imbalance in our trade policies, which are horrible." He supported the idea of Trump "calling companies to keep them from moving factories overseas."^[30] Manchin voted for most of the Trump nominees. He was the only Democrat to vote in confirmation of Trump cabinet appointees Jeff Sessions^[67] and Steven Mnuchin,^[68] one of two Democrats who voted to confirm Scott Pruitt as EPA Administrator, and one of three who voted to confirm Rex Tillerson.^[69]

In June 2017, Manchin voted to support President Trump's $350 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia.^[70]

In his 2018 campaign for Senate, Manchin announced that he supports Trump's proposal to construct a border wall along the southern border of the continental United States.^[71] He also said that he regrets voting for Hillary Clinton and would be open to supporting Donald Trump for president in 2020.^[72]

Drugs

In June 2011, Manchin joined Senator Chuck Schumer (D-NY) in seeking a crackdown on Bitcoin currency transactions, saying that they facilitated illegal drug trade transactions. "The transactions leave no traditional [bank transfer] money trail for investigators to follow, and leave it hard to prove a package recipient knew in advance what was in a shipment," using an "'anonymizing network' known as Tor."^[73] One opinion website said the senators wanted "to disrupt [the] Silk Road drug website."^[74]

In May 2012, in an effort to reduce prescription drug abuse, Manchin successfully proposed an amendment to the Food and Drug Administration re-authorization bill to reclassify hydrocodone as a Schedule II controlled substance.^[75]

Energy and environment

Manchin sits on the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee and supports a comprehensive, all-of-the-above energy approach that uses coal.^[76]

Manchin's first bill in the Senate dealt with what he calls the EPA's overreach. After the EPA vetoed a previously-approved permit for the Spruce Mine in Logan County, West Virginia, Senator Manchin offered the "EPA Fair Play Act."^[77] The bill would "clarify and confirm the authority of the Environment Protection Agency to deny or restrict the use of defined areas as disposal sites for the discharge of dredged or filled material."^[78] Manchin said the bill would prevent the agency from "changing its rules on businesses after permits have already been granted."^[79]

On October 6, 2010, Manchin directed a lawsuit aimed at overturning new federal rules concerning mountaintop removal mining. Filed by the state Department of Environmental Protection, the lawsuit "accuses U.S. EPA of overstepping its authority and asks the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia to throw out the federal agency's new guidelines for issuing Clean Water Act permits for coal mines." In order to qualify for the permits, mining companies need to prove their projects would not cause the concentration of pollutants in the local water to rise 5 times past the normal level. The New York Times reported that EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson said the new legislation would protect 95 percent of aquatic life by banning operators from dumping mine waste into streams.^[80]

Manchin has received criticism from environmentalists due to his close family ties to the coal industry. He served as president of Energysystems in the late 1990s before becoming active in politics. On his financial disclosures in 2009 and 2010, his reported earnings from the company were $1,363,916 and $417,255 respectively.^[81] Critics have stated his opposition to health regulations that would raise expenses for the industry are due to his stake in the industry; Jim Sconyers, chairman of West Virginia's Sierra Club chapter stated that "he's been nothing but a mouthpiece for the coal industry his whole public life."^[81] However, opinions on the subject are mixed; The Charleston Gazette noted "the prospect that Manchin's $1.7 million-plus in recent Enersystems earnings might tilt him even more strongly pro-coal might seem remote, given the deep economic and cultural connections that the industry maintains in West Virginia."^[82]

On November 14, 2011, Manchin chaired his first field hearing of that committee in Charleston, West Virginia, to focus on Marcellus Shale natural gas development and production. Manchin said, "We are literally sitting on top of tremendous potential with the Marcellus shale. We need to work together to chart a path forward in a safe and responsible way that lets us produce energy right here in America."^[83]

Manchin supports building the Keystone XL Pipeline from Canada. Manchin has said, "It makes so much common sense that you want to buy [oil] off your friends and not your enemies." The pipeline would span over 2,000 miles across the United States.^[84]

On November 9, 2011, Manchin introduced the "Fair Compliance Act" with Senator Dan Coats (R-IN). Their bill would "lengthen timelines and establish benchmarks for utilities to comply with two major Environmental Protection Agency air pollution rules. The legislation would extend the compliance deadline for the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, or CSAPR, by three years and the deadline for the Utility MACT rule by two years—setting both to January 1, 2017."^[85]

Manchin introduced the "American Alternative Fuels Act" on May 10, 2011, with Senator John Barrasso (R-WY). The bill would remove restrictions on the development of alternative fuels, repeal part of the 2007 energy bill restricting the federal government from buying alternative fuels and encourage the development of algae-based fuels and synthetic natural gas. Regarding the bill, Manchin said, "Our unacceptably high gas prices are hurting not only West Virginians, but all Americans, and they underscore a critical need: the federal government needs to be a partner, not an obstacle, for businesses that can transform our domestic energy resources into gas."^[86]

In 2011, Manchin was the only Democratic senator to support the proposed Energy Tax Prevention Act, which sought to prohibit the United States Environmental Protection Agency from regulating greenhouse gas.^[87] He was also one of four Democratic senators to vote against the Stream Protection Rule.^[88] In 2012 Manchin supported a GOP effort to "scuttle Environmental Protection Agency regulations that mandate cuts in mercury pollution and other toxic emissions from coal-fired power plants", while West Virginia's other senator, Jay Rockefeller, did not.^[89]

In December 2014, Manchin was one of six Democratic senators to sign a letter to the Environmental Protection Agency urging the agency to give states more time to comply with its rule on power plants as the final rule "must provide adequate time for the design, permitting and construction of such large scale capital intensive infrastructure" and calling for an elimination of the 2020 targets in the final rule, a mandate that states take action by 2020 as part of the EPA's goal to reach a 30 percent carbon cut by 2030.^[90]

Manchin criticized Obama's environmental regulations as a "war on coal" and demanded what he described as a proper balance between the needs of the environment and the coal business.^[91] The Los Angeles Times has noted that while professing environmental concerns, he has consistently stood up for coal, saying "no one is going to stop using fossil [fuels] for a long time." He "does not deny the existence of man-made climate change," wrote the Los Angeles Times, but "is reluctant to curtail it."^[92] In February 2017, he was one of only two Democratic senators to vote to confirm Scott Pruitt as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.^[93] In June 2017, Manchin supported President Trump's withdrawal from the Paris climate accord, saying he supported "a cleaner energy future" but that the Paris deal failed to strike "a balance between our environment and the economy."^[94]

In February 2019, in response to reports of the EPA intending to decide against setting drinking water limits for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as part of an upcoming national strategy to manage the aforementioned class of chemicals, Manchin was one of twenty senators to sign a letter to Acting EPA Administrator Andrew R. Wheeler calling on the agency "to develop enforceable federal drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS, as well as institute immediate actions to protect the public from contamination from additional per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)."^[95]

Federal budget

Manchin has co-sponsored balanced budget amendments put forth by Senators Mike Lee (R-UT),^[96] Richard Shelby (R-AL), and Mark Udall (D-CO).^[97] He has also voted against raising the federal debt ceiling.^[98]

Manchin has expressed strong opposition to entitlement reform, describing Mitch McConnell's comments in October 2018 on the need to reform entitlement programs such as Social Security, Medicaid and Medicare as "absolutely ridiculous."^[99] In January 2019, Manchin supported both Republican and Democratic bills to end a government shutdown.^[100] He was the only Democrat to break from his party and vote in favor of the Republican proposal.^[101]

Guns

In 2012 Manchin's candidacy was endorsed by the National Rifle Association (NRA), which gave him an "A" rating.^[102] Following the Sandy Hook shooting, Manchin partnered with Republican senator Pat Toomey to introduce a bill that would have strengthened background checks on gun sales. The Manchin-Toomey bill was defeated on April 17, 2013, by a vote of 54–46; 60 votes would have been required to pass it.^[56] Despite the fact that the bill did not pass, the NRA targeted Manchin in an attack ad.^[103]^[104]^[105]

Manchin was criticized in 2013 for agreeing to an interview with The Journal in Martinsburg, West Virginia, but demanding that he not be asked any questions about gun control or the Second Amendment.^[106]

In 2016, referring to the difficulty of keeping guns out of the hands of potential terrorists, Manchin said, "due process is what's killing us right now." This comment drew the criticism of both the NRA and the Cato Institute, which accused Manchin of attacking a fundamental constitutional principle. "With all respect," commented Ilya Shapiro of Cato, "due process is the essential basis of America."^[107]^[108]

Health care

In 2010, Manchin called for "repairs" of the Affordable Care Act and repeal of the "bad parts of Obamacare".^[109]^[110] On January 14, 2017, Manchin expressed concern at the strict party-line vote on repealing Obamacare and said he could not, in good conscience, vote to repeal without a new plan in place. He added, however, that he was willing to work with Trump and the GOP to formulate a replacement.^[111] In June 2017, Manchin and Bob Casey Jr. of Pennsylvania warned that repealing Obamacare would worsen the opioid crisis.^[112] In July 2017, he said that he was one of about ten senators from both parties who had been "working together behind the scenes" to formulate a new health-care program, but that there was otherwise insufficient bipartisanship on the issue.^[113]

During 2016-17, Manchin read to the Senate several letters from constituents about loved ones' deaths from opioids and urged his colleagues to act to prevent more deaths. Manchin took "an unusual proposal" to President Trump to address the crisis and called for a "war on drugs" that involves not punishment but treatment. He proposed the LifeBOAT Act, which would fund treatment. He also opposes marijuana legalization.^[114]^[115] In January 2018, Manchin was one of six Democrats who broke with their party to vote to confirm Trump's nominee for Health Secretary, Alex Azar.^[116]

In his 2018 re-election campaign, Manchin emphasized his support for Obamacare, running an ad where he shot holes in a lawsuit that sought to repeal the Affordable Care Act.^[110]

Immigration

Manchin is opposed to the DREAM Act, and was absent from a 2010 vote on the bill.^[117] Manchin supports the construction of a wall along the southern border of the United States.^[118]^[119] He opposed the Obama administration's lawsuit against Arizona over that state's immigration enforcement law.^[120] Manchin voted against the McCain-Coons proposal to create a pathway to citizenship for some undocumented immigrants without funding for a border wall and he voted against a comprehensive immigration bill proposed by Susan Collins which gave a pathway to citizenship for Dreamers as well as funding for border security; he voted 'yes' to withholding funding for 'sanctuary cities' and he voted in support of President Trump's proposal to give a pathway to citizenship for Dreamers, build a border wall, and reduce legal immigration.^[121]^[122]

Manchin has mixed ratings from political action committees opposed to illegal immigration; NumbersUSA, which seeks to reduce illegal and legal immigration, gave Manchin a 55% rating and the Federation for American Immigration Reform, which also seeks to reduce legal immigration, gave him a 25% rating.^[123]

LGBT rights

On December 9, 2010, Manchin was the sole Democrat to vote against cloture for the 2011 National Defense Authorization Act, which contained a provision to repeal Don't Ask, Don't Tell. In an interview with The Associated Press, Manchin cited the advice of retired military chaplains as a basis for his decision to vote against repeal.^[124] He also indicated he wanted more time to "hear the full range of viewpoints from the citizens of West Virginia."^[125] A day later, he was publicly criticized at a gay rights rally for his position on the bill.^[126] On July 26, 2017, he came out against Trump's purposed ban on transgender service in the United States military^[127]

Prior to February 14, 2019, Manchin was the only member of the Senate Democratic Caucus to oppose same-sex marriage.^[128] On February 14, 2018, he cosponsored S.515, a bill that would amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to clarify that all provisions shall apply to legally married same-sex couples in the same manner as other married couples.^[129] As of March 18, 2019 he is the only member of the Senate Democratic Caucus whom is not a cosponsor of the Equality Act.

The Human Rights Campaign, the largest LGBT rights group in America, gave Manchin a score of 30% in the 115th Congress, a score 85% in the 114th Congress, and a score of 65% in the 113th Congress.

Senior citizens

To help locate missing senior citizens, Manchin introduced the Silver Alert Act in July 2011 to create a nationwide network for locating missing adults and senior citizens modeled after the AMBER Alert.^[130] Manchin also sponsored the National Yellow Dot Act to create a voluntary program that would alert emergency services personnel responding to car accidents of the availability of personal and medical information on the car's owner.^[131]

Manchin said in 2014 that he "would change Social Security completely. I would do it on an inflationary basis, as far as paying into payroll taxes, and change that, to keep us stabilized as far as cash flow. I'd do COLAs—I'd talk about COLA for 250 percent of poverty guidelines." Asked whether this meant he would "cut benefits to old people," Manchin said that "a rich old person...won't get the COLAs." He asked: "Do you want chained CPI? I can live with either one."^[132]

Supreme Court nominations

Manchin was the first Democrat to say he would vote for Trump's first nominee for the Supreme Court, Neil Gorsuch. Manchin said, "During his time on the bench, Judge Gorsuch has received praise from his colleagues who have been appointed by both Democrats and Republicans. He has been consistently rated as a well-qualified jurist, the highest rating a jurist can receive, and I have found him to be an honest and thoughtful man."^[133]

He was the first Democrat to announce that he would meet with Trump's second Supreme Court nominee, Brett Kavanaugh.^[134] Manchin was the only Democrat to vote 'yes' on the cloture of Kavanaugh's nomination, advancing the motion to a final vote.^[135] On October 5, 2018, he announced he would vote to confirm Kavanaugh.^[136] On October 6, Manchin was the only Democrat to vote to confirm Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court in a 50-48 count.^[137]

Taxes

According to Politico, Manchin sees Trump's Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 as "a closed process" that "makes little impact in the paychecks of the people in his state." At the same time, he posited the bill contains "some good things...Initially people will benefit", although ultimately voting against it. In turn, NRSC spokesman Bob Salera stated that he had "turned his back and voted with Washington Democrats."^[138]^[139]

Terrorism

In June 2017, he was one of five Democrats who, by voting against a Senate resolution disapproving of arms sales to Saudi Arabia, ensured its failure. Potential primary opponent Paula Jean Swearengin charged that because of Manchin's vote, weapons sold to the Saudis "could possibly end up in the hands of terrorists."^[140]

Veterans

In December 2018, Manchin was one of twenty-one senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert Wilkie calling it "appalling that the VA is not conducting oversight of its own outreach efforts" in spite of suicide prevention being the VA's highest clinical priority and requesting Wilkie "consult with experts with proven track records of successful public and mental health outreach campaigns with a particular emphasis on how those individuals measure success."^[141]

Committee assignments

Personal life

Manchin is a member of the National Rifle Association and a licensed pilot.^[4]^[142]^[143] In 1967, he married Gayle Conelly. Together they have three children: Heather, Joseph IV, and Brooke.^[4]

In 2006 and 2010 Manchin delivered commencement addresses at Wheeling Jesuit University and at Davis & Elkins College, receiving honorary degrees from both institutions.

In December 2012, Manchin voiced his displeasure with MTV's new reality show Buckwild, set in his home state's capital Charleston, and asked the network's president to cancel the show, which, he argued, depicted West Virginia in a negative, unrealistic fashion.^[144] The show ended after its first season.^[145]

Controversies

Heather Bresch

Noting in a December 2011 editorial that the magazine Esquire had promoted Heather Bresch as an "American hero" owing to her support for a pharma safety law, the Huntington News pointed out that the law also protected U.S. pharma firms like Mylan and suggested that the article was a "public makeover" engineered by "the Manchin public relations machine." It also said that Mylan "must have the only corporate Board of Directors in the country that doesn't care about one of their top execs being proven to have a phony MBA degree."^[148]

Despite Manchin's call for a war on drugs, particularly opioids, and his charge that "Big Pharma" had "targeted" his state, Manchin's daughter, as noted, is the CEO of Mylan, a pharmaceutical firm that produces opioids, and Manchin himself accepted "nearly $180,000 in donations from pharmaceutical companies between 2011 and 2016."^[149] In August 2016, Fortune Magazine and the Washington Post ran a total of three articles about the fact that the "CEO of the company at the center of the EpiPen controversy" was Manchin's daughter. The articles noted that skyrocketing EpiPen costs were "the next big flash point in the national debate over skyrocketing prescription drug prices," that Bresch had originally gotten her Mylan job through her father, and that her career had "risen along with her father's, a fact that has not gone unnoticed by her critics." A particular point of controversy was the fact that Bresch had transferred Mylan's official headquarters to the Netherlands, a tax dodge maneuver known as tax inversion.^[150]

Family lawsuit

In a lawsuit filed in July 2014, Dr. John Manchin II, one of Joe Manchin's brothers, sued Joe Manchin and his other brother, Roch Manchin, over a $1.7 million loan. The lawsuit alleged that Joe and Roch Manchin borrowed the money to keep the doors open at the family-owned carpet business run by Roch, that no part of the loan had yet been repaid, and that the defendants had taken other measures to evade compensating John Manchin II for non-payment.^[151] Dr. Manchin withdrew the suit on June 30, 2015.^[152]

Manchin's coal interests

In July 2011, The New York Times ran a long article headlined "Sen. Manchin Maintains Lucrative Ties to Family-Owned Coal Company." Manchin's 2009 and 2010 financial disclosures included major earnings from Enersystems Inc., "a coal brokerage that he helped run before his political star rose." Many senators earn business income, but Manchin is rare in that "he derives income from an industry while acting as one of its biggest boosters."^[81]

Skipping votes and convention

On December 18, 2010, Manchin skipped the vote to repeal Don't Ask, Don't Tell and the vote on the DREAM Act, regarding immigration. The National Republican Senatorial Committee criticized Manchin for attending a family Christmas gathering instead of voting on these important issues. "For a Senator who has only been on the job a few weeks," commented the NRSC, "Manchin's absence today, and the apparent lack of seriousness with which he takes the job he was elected to do, speaks volumes."^[153] The Washington Post reported that he was the only Senate Democrat to miss these votes "on two of his party's signature pieces of legislation."^[154] Later, in 2012, Manchin also skipped the Democratic National Convention, saying he planned "to spend this fall focused on the people of West Virginia."^[155]

Electoral history

References

1. ^[https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/151825/Joseph_Manchin_III/hashkey/975605ea.html]
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3. ^¹{{cite web |last1=Foran |first1=Clare |title=West Virginia's Conservative Democrat Gets a Primary Challenger |date=May 9, 2017 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/joe-manchin-bernie-sanders-primary-challenge-west-virginia-senate-2018/525918/ |website=The Atlantic |accessdate=March 22, 2018}}
4. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About West Virginia Gov. Joe Manchin |url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/campaign-2008/2008/08/01/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-west-virginia-gov-joe-manchin.html |date=August 1, 2008 |accessdate=May 11, 2009 |last=Burton |first=Danielle |website=US News & World Report}}
5. ^{{Cite news |title=Manchin's mom was a tomboy in her youth |newspaper=The Register-Herald |date=December 26, 2009 |url=http://www.register-herald.com/statenews/x546334413/Manchin-s-mom-was-a-tomboy-in-her-youth |accessdate=November 3, 2010}}
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10. ^{{cite web |url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001183 |title=Manchin, Joe, III, (1947-) |website=Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress |accessdate=August 29, 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2014/08/nick_saban_joe_manchin.html |title=US Senator vacationed with childhood friend Nick Saban but can't cheer for him Saturday |website=AL.com |accessdate=November 6, 2018}}
12. ^{{cite news |title=Massey CEO sues W.Va. governor in federal court |url=http://www.ohvec.org/links/news/archive/2005/fair_use/07_27.html |newspaper=The Herald-Dispatch |accessdate=May 26, 2012 |first=Jennifer |last=Bundy |date=July 27, 2005 |via=Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition}}
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14. ^{{cite web |title=The WV Coal Equation: Living With Past Peak Production |url=http://calhounpowerline.com/2010/04/17/wv-coal-living-with-past-peak-production/ |website=CalhounPowerline.com |accessdate=May 26, 2012 |date=April 17, 2010}}
15. ^{{cite magazine |title=The Rape of Appalachia |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2006/05/appalachia200605 |magazine=Vanity Fair |accessdate=May 26, 2012 |first=Michael |last=Shnayerson |date=November 20, 2006}}
16. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/world/w-va-governor-asks-for-coal-production-halt-after-two/article_b1f88501-610e-599e-ae0f-a6afaad9de75.html |title=W.Va. governor asks for coal production halt after two deaths |date=February 2, 2006 |newspaper=San Mateo Daily Journal |access-date=October 12, 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web |title=Approval Ratings For All 50 Governors |date=November 20, 2006 |website=SurveyUSA |url=http://www.surveyusa.com/50State2006/State50StateGovernor061120.htm}}
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19. ^{{YouTube|3Hw56gkJIPE|Joe Manchin stated that he would not select himself for the US senate position should Robert Byrd be unable to serve a full term}}{{dead link |date=December 2010}}
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21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/07/16/pol.byrd.vacant.seat/index.html |website=CNN |title=West Virginia governor to name Byrd replacement |author=CNN Wire Staff |date=July 16, 2010 |accessdate=December 30, 2010}}
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23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wsaz.com/senateelection/headlines/101729108.html |title=Manchin & Raese Nominees for Byrd's Senate Seat |date=August 30, 2010 |agency=Associated Press |website=WSAZ-TV |accessdate=December 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130206132721/http://www.wsaz.com/senateelection/headlines/101729108.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 6, 2013}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=Manchin leads Capito, Raese, McKinley for 2012 re-election |url=http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/PPP_Release_WV_0125424.pdf |website=Public Policy Polling |date=January 25, 2011}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=Dem Senator Doesn't Know If He Will Vote For Obama |date=April 20, 2012 |url=http://washington.cbslocal.com/2012/04/20/dem-senator-doesnt-know-if-he-will-vote-for-obama/ |website=CBS DC}}
26. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://apps.sos.wv.gov/elections/results/results.aspx?year=2012&eid=13&county=Statewide |title=Statewide Results : General Election - November 6, 2012 |website=West Virginia Secretary of State — Online Data Services |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
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28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2017/05/09/justice_democrat_coal_miners_daughter_paula_swearingen_annoucnes_primary_against_west_virginia_sen_joe_manchin.html |title='Justice Democrat' Coal Miner's Daughter Paula Swearingen Announces Primary Challenge Against West Virginia Sen. Joe Manchin |website=RealClearPolitics |last=Hains |first=Tim |date=May 9, 2017 |access-date=May 9, 2017}}
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31. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-manchin/democratic-senator-criticizes-pelosis-immigration-rhetoric-idUSKBN1FH0RC |title=Democratic senator criticizes Pelosi's immigration comment |date=January 28, 2018 |website=Reuters |accessdate=March 18, 2018}}
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35. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.journalgazette.net/blog/political-notebook/20180214/study-finds-62-of-donnellys-votes-support-trumps-positions |title=Study finds 62% of Donnelly's votes support Trump's positions |newspaper=The Journal Gazette |date=February 14, 2018 |access-date=June 27, 2018}}
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38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/04/22/pro-life_democrats_squeezed_by_a_partisan_issue_122354.html |title=Pro-Life Democrats, Squeezed by a Partisan Issue |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Jose, R. |date=April 22, 2014 |website=Real Clear Politics |access-date=September 14, 2016}}
39. ^{{Cite web |url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/7547/joe-manchin-iii |title=Joe Manchin III's Ratings and Endorsements |website=VoteSmart.org |accessdate=July 16, 2018}}
40. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/08/03/joe-manchin-will-vote-to-defund-planned-parenthood/ |title=Joe Manchin and Joe Donnelly vote to defund Planned Parenthood |last1=Snell |first1=Kelsey |date=August 3, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 14, 2016}}
41. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.kunc.org/post/5-senators-who-will-likely-decide-next-supreme-court-justice |title=5 Senators Who Will Likely Decide The Next Supreme Court Justice |last=Davis |first=Susan |access-date=July 3, 2018 |website=KUNC |date=July 3, 2018}}
42. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/13/donald-trump-gives-states-power-cut-planned-parent |title=Trump Gives States Power to Cut off Planned Parenthood Money |last1=Dinan |first1=Stephen |date=April 13, 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Times |accessdate=April 13, 2017}}
43. ^{{cite news |last1=Dinan |first1=Stephen |last2=Richardson |first2=Bradford |title=Senate Passes Bill to Let States Strip Funding from Planned Parenthood |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/30/senate-passes-bill-let-states-strip-funding-pp/ |date=March 30, 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Times |accessdate=April 23, 2017}}
44. ^{{cite web |last1=Schor |first1=Elana |title=Abortion Politics Hound Senators from Both Parties |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/14/abortion-politics-senate-2018-238331 |date=May 14, 2017 |website=Politico |accessdate=May 16, 2017}}
45. ^{{cite web |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |title=Joe Manchin's Tightrope on Planned Parenthood |url=https://www.axios.com/joe-manchins-tightrope-on-planned-parenthood-2398587475.html |date=May 8, 2017 |website=Axios |accessdate=May 16, 2017}}
46. ^{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Chuck |title=Photos Show Sen. Joe Manchin Is A Planned Parenthood Poseur |url=http://dailycaller.com/2017/05/09/photos-show-sen-joe-manchin-is-a-planned-parenthood-poseur/ |date=May 9, 2017 |website=The Daily Caller |accessdate=May 16, 2017}}
47. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/congressional-scorecard#WV/ |title=Congressional Scorecard |website=Planned Parenthood Action |access-date=July 5, 2017}}
48. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/01/29/republicans-push-20-week-abortion-ban-bill-get-democrats-record/1075817001/ |title=Senate blocks 20-week abortion ban bill GOP pushed to get Democrats on record |first=Eliza |last=Collins |date=January 30, 2018 |newspaper=USA Today |access-date=January 30, 2018}}
49. ^{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/394933-manchin-warns-trump-against-picking-court-nominee-who-will-overturn-roe-v |title=Manchin warns Trump against picking court nominee who will overturn Roe v. Wade |last=Carney |first=Jordain |date=June 29, 2018 |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=June 30, 2018}}
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51. ^{{cite web |title=Manchin: It's Time to Rebuild America, Not Afghanistan |url=http://www.whsv.com/home/headlines/Manchin_Its_Time_to_Rebuild_America_Not_Afghanistan_124300294.html |date=June 21, 2011 |website=WHSV-TV |accessdate=June 21, 2011}}
52. ^{{cite news |title=Manchin questions military officials on contractors |url=http://www.wvgazette.com/News/politics/201203090208 |first=Paul J. |last=Nyden |date=March 9, 2012 |newspaper=Charleston Gazette |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130209214610/http://www.wvgazette.com/News/politics/201203090208 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 9, 2013}}
53. ^{{cite news |title=Manchin marks a year in Senate |url=http://www.theintermountain.com/page/content.detail/id/547744.html |first=Carra |last=Higgins |date=November 16, 2011 |newspaper=The Inter-Mountain |accessdate=November 16, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126014848/http://www.theintermountain.com/page/content.detail/id/547744.html |archivedate=January 26, 2013 |df=}}
54. ^{{cite web |title=Sen. Manchin joins group aiming to reduce partisanship |url=http://www.wvpubcast.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=18050 |website=West Virginia Public Broadcasting |accessdate=December 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130416090959/http://www.wvpubcast.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=18050 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 16, 2013}}
55. ^{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Judy |title=Biden, Huntsman praise bipartisanship at No Labels |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/218023-biden-huntsman-praise-bipartisanship-at-no-labels |accessdate=November 7, 2014 |newspaper=The Hill |date=September 17, 2014}}
56. ^¹{{cite news |title=Senate rejects gun background checks |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/04/17/guns-background-checks-manchin-senate/2090105/ |newspaper=USA Today |accessdate=April 17, 2013 |first1=Gregory |last1=Korte |first2=Catalina |last2=Camia |date=April 17, 2013}}
57. ^¹{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/us/politics/manchin-reelection-this-place-sucks.html |title=Manchin Will Seek Re-election but Sends Democrats a Stern Warning |last=Martin |first=Jonathan |date=January 23, 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=January 24, 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}
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59. ^{{cite news |last=Drucker |first=David |title=GOP Suggests Manchin Source of Own Party-Switch Rumors |url= http://www.rollcall.com/news/-200418-1.html |accessdate=December 10, 2010 |newspaper=Roll Call |date=November 10, 2010}}
60. ^{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/223077-mcconnell-expected-to-woo-king-manchin |title=McConnell expected to woo King, Manchin |date=November 5, 2014 |first=Alexander |last=Bolton |newspaper=The Hill |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
61. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/11/05/joe-manchin-on-election-results-this-is-a-real-a-whooping/ |title=Joe Manchin on election results: 'This is a real ass-whuppin' |first=Ed |last=O'Keefe |date=November 5, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
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65. ^{{cite news |last1=Louis |first1=Brian |title=Two Chinese bidders for Chicago Exchange are said to drop out |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-chicago-stock-exchange-chinese-bidders-drop-out-20171016-story.html |date=October 13, 2017 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=March 28, 2018}}
66. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/15/why-senate-democrats-voted-for-bank-bill-to-ease-dodd-frank-rules.html |title=Why 17 Democrats voted with Republicans to ease bank rules |last1=Schoen |first1=Jacob |last2=Pramuk |first2=John W. |date=March 15, 2018 |website=CNBC |access-date=June 22, 2018}}
67. ^{{Cite web |url=http://heavy.com/news/2017/02/joe-manchin-jeff-sessions-trump-republican-democrat-neil-gorsuch-daughter-confirmation-vote-yes-west-virginia-bio/ |title=Source: Joe Manchin: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |first=Jessica |last=McBride |date=February 8, 2017 |website=Heavy.com |access-date=February 8, 2017}}
68. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/13/us/politics/steven-mnuchin-confirmation-vote.html |title=How Senators Voted on Steven Mnuchin for Treasury Secretary |date=February 13, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 14, 2017}}
69. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/31/us/politics/trump-cabinet-confirmation-votes.html Manchin was the only Democratic senator to vote in favor of the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. |title=Source: How Each Senator Voted on Trump's Cabinet and Administration Nominees |first=Wilson |last=Andrews |date=May 11, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 18, 2017}}
70. ^{{cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordain |title=Senate rejects effort to block Saudi arms sale |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/337614-senate-rejects-effort-to-block-saudi-arms-sale |newspaper=The Hill |date=June 13, 2017}}
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73. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-financial-bitcoins-idUSTRE7573T320110608 |title=Senators seek crackdown on Bitcoin currency |first=Brett |last=Wolf |date=June 8, 2011 |website=Reuters |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
74. ^{{cite web |url=http://hammeroftruth.com/2011/senators-charles-schumer-joe-manchin-discuss-targetting-bitcoin-exchanges-in-convoluted-scheme-to-disrupt-silk-road-drug-website/ |title=Senators Charles Schumer, Joe Manchin discuss targetting bitcoin exchanges in convoluted scheme to disrupt Silk Road drug website |date=June 9, 2011 |website=Hammer of Truth |accessdate=January 14, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513135325/http://hammeroftruth.com/2011/senators-charles-schumer-joe-manchin-discuss-targetting-bitcoin-exchanges-in-convoluted-scheme-to-disrupt-silk-road-drug-website/ |archivedate=May 13, 2015 |df= }}
75. ^{{cite news |url=http://wvgazette.com/News/201205230316 |title=Senators approve Manchin amendment to reclassify hydrocodone drugs |date=May 23, 2012 |newspaper=Charleston Gazette-Mail |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
76. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.loganbanner.com/view/full_story/18105018/article-Manchin--Energy-belongs-to-all-of-us--regardless-of-party-labels |title=Manchin 'Energy belongs to all of us - regardless of party labels' |newspaper=Logan Banner}} {{dead link |date=January 2015}}
77. ^{{cite web |title=Manchin touts EPA bill in maiden Senate speech |url=http://www.dailymail.com/ap/ApTopStories/201102031081 |date=February 3, 2011 |newspaper=Charleston Daily Mail |accessdate=February 3, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130121100543/http://www.dailymail.com/ap/ApTopStories/201102031081 |archivedate=January 21, 2013 |df=}}
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79. ^{{cite web |title=Senator Manchin Introduces EPA Fair Play Act Of 2011 |url=http://www.wchstv.com/newsroom/eyewitness/110203_4192.shtml |first=Martin |last=Hicks |date=February 3, 2011 |website=WCHS-TV |accessdate=February 3, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207001712/http://www.wchstv.com/newsroom/eyewitness/110203_4192.shtml |archivedate=February 7, 2011 |df=}}
80. ^{{cite news |title=W.Va. Sues Obama, EPA Over Mining Coal Regulations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/10/06/06greenwire-wva-sues-obama-epa-over-mining-coal-regulation-48964.html |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=April 26, 2012 |first=Patrick |last=Reis |date=October 6, 2010}}
81. ^¹²{{cite news |title=Sen. Manchin Maintains Lucrative Ties to Family-Owned Coal Company |url=https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/07/26/26greenwire-sen-manchin-maintains-lucrative-ties-to-family-64717.html |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |first1=Manuel |last1=Quinones |first2=Elana |last2=Schor |date=July 26, 2011}}
82. ^{{cite news |title=Sen. Manchin's coal ties under scrutiny |url=http://blogs.wvgazette.com/coaltattoo/2011/07/26/sen-manchins-coal-ties-under-scrutiny/ |newspaper=The Charleston Gazette |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |first=Ken |last=Ward Jr. |date=July 26, 2011}}
83. ^{{cite web |title=Senator Manchin Leads Field Hearing On Marcellus Shale |url=http://www.wvmetronews.com/news.cfm?func=displayfullstory&storyid=49211 |website=West Virginia Metro News |date=November 14, 2011}}
84. ^{{cite web |title=Manchin Speaks Out About 'Political Football' Pipeline Treatment |url=http://www.wvnstv.com/story/16646213/manchin-speaks-out-about-political-football-pipeline-treatment |website=WVNS-TV |accessdate=January 31, 2012}}
85. ^{{cite news |title=Manchin Co-Sponsors Bill to Delay EPA Air Pollution Rules |url=http://www.statejournal.com/story/16002212/manchin-co-sponsors-bill-to-delay-epa-air-pollution-rules |first=Pam |last=Kasey |newspaper=The State Journal |accessdate=November 9, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116045354/http://www.statejournal.com/story/16002212/manchin-co-sponsors-bill-to-delay-epa-air-pollution-rules |archivedate=November 16, 2011 |df=}}
86. ^{{cite news |title=Manchin introduces alternative fuels bill |url=http://www.newsandsentinel.com/page/content.detail/id/547780/Manchin-introduces-alternative-fuels-bill.html?nav=5061 |newspaper=The Parkersburg News and Sentinel |date=May 11, 2011}}
87. ^{{cite news |first=John M. |last=Broder |title=House Panel Votes to Limit E.P.A. Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/us/politics/16epa.html |accessdate=January 22, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 16, 2011}}
88. ^{{cite web |title=On the Joint Resolution (H.J.Res. 38 ) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=115&session=1&vote=00043#name |website=United States Senate: U.S. Roll Call Votes |accessdate=January 27, 2018}}
89. ^{{cite news |last1=Geman |first1=Ben |last2=Strauss |first2=Daniel |title=Bid to kill EPA coal plant regulations thwarted in Senate |url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/233795-bid-to-kill-epa-coal-plant-rules-thwarted-in-senate |date=June 20, 2012 |newspaper=The Hill |accessdate=March 24, 2018}}
90. ^{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/226754-moderate-dems-call-for-longer-deadlines-in-epa-climate-rule|title=Moderate Dems call for longer deadlines in EPA climate rule|first=Timothy|last=Cama|publisher=The Hill}}
91. ^{{cite magazine |title=Trump Seeks an Ally, or At Least an Ear, in West Virginia Democrat |url=http://fortune.com/2017/02/04/trump-joe-manchin-alliance/ |date=February 4, 2017 |magazine=Fortune |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}
92. ^{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Neela |title=2 Senate Democrats explore how to protect coal jobs and the environment |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-congress-climate-exchange-20141021-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=March 26, 2018}}
93. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/17/us/politics/live-congress-votes-scott-pruitt-epa.html |title=How Senators Voted on Scott Pruitt for E.P.A. Administrator |date=February 17, 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 17, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}
94. ^{{cite news |last1=Beavers |first1=Olivia |title=Dem senator: Paris accord did not 'balance' environment, economy |date=June 1, 2017 |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/335999-dem-senator-paris-accord-did-not-balance-environment-economy |newspaper=The Hill |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}
95. ^{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/428102-senators-call-on-epa-to-restrict-key-drinking-water-contaminants|title=Senators call on EPA to restrict key drinking water contaminants|date=February 1, 2019|publisher=The Hill}}
96. ^{{cite news |url=http://wvgazette.com/News/201103021152?page=2 |title=Manchin questions U.S. role in Afghanistan |last=Nyden |first=Paul J. |date=March 2, 2011 |newspaper=Charleston Gazette |access-date=October 12, 2018 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120716013501/http://wvgazette.com/News/201103021152?page=2 |archive-date=July 16, 2012}}
97. ^{{cite news |url=http://wvgazette.com/News/201104261087?page=2 |title=Manchin launches 'Commonsense' tour |last=Nyden |first=Paul J. |date=April 26, 2011 |newspaper=Charleston Gazette |access-date=October 12, 2018 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028170602/http://wvgazette.com/News/201104261087?page=2 |archive-date=October 28, 2013}}
98. ^{{cite news |url=http://wvgazette.com/News/201201270144 |title=Rockefeller, Manchin cast opposite votes on debt ceiling |date=January 27, 2012 |newspaper=Charleston Gazette |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
99. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/10/21/entitlements-mcconnell-manchin-midterms-920027|title='Campaign gold': McConnell delivers election gift to Manchin and red-state Dems|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-10-21|language=en}}
100. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/24/politics/how-senators-voted-shutdown-wall-vote/index.html|title=These senators crossed the aisle to vote for plans to reopen government|last=CNN|first=Eli Watkins|website=CNN|access-date=2019-01-25}}
101. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/senate-rejects-dueling-gop-democratic-bills-to-end-ongoing-partial-federal-government-shutdown|title=Senate rejects dueling GOP, Democratic bills to end partial government shutdown|last=Re|first=Gregg|date=2019-01-24|website=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-25}}
102. ^{{cite web |title=NRA-PVF Endorses Joe Manchin for U.S. Senate in West Virginia |url=http://www.nrapvf.org/news-alerts/2012/10/nra-pvf-endorses-joe-manchin-for-us-senate-in-west-virginia.aspx |website=NRA Political Victory Fund |date=October 2, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213173935/http://www.nrapvf.org/news-alerts/2012/10/nra-pvf-endorses-joe-manchin-for-us-senate-in-west-virginia.aspx |archivedate=December 13, 2013 |df=}}
103. ^{{cite news |last=Friedman |first=Dan |title=Sen. Joe Manchin drawing straws for votes on gun background check |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/sen-joe-manchin-draws-support-background-checks-article-1.1373527 |newspaper=New York Daily News |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
104. ^{{cite web |last=Terkel |first=Amanda |title=Joe Manchin Targeted By NRA In New Ad |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/12/joe-manchin-nra-ad_n_3430529.html |website=Huffington Post |accessdate=June 17, 2013 |date=June 12, 2013}}
105. ^{{cite web |last=Bresnahan |first=John |title=Joe Manchin takes on NRA in TV spot |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/joe-manchin-nra-tv-spot-gun-92879.html |date=June 17, 2013 |website=Politico |accessdate=June 17, 2013}}
106. ^{{cite web |last1=Simpson |first1=Connor |title=Sen. Joe Manchin Really Doesn't Want to Talk About Guns |url=http://www.thewire.com/politics/2013/03/sen-joe-manchin-really-doesnt-want-talk-about-guns/62701/ |accessdate=August 14, 2014 |website=The Wire |date=March 3, 2013}}
107. ^{{cite web |last1=Shapiro |first1=Ilya |title=Does Joe Manchin Want to Make America a Police State? |url=https://www.cato.org/blog/does-joe-manchin-want-make-america-police-state |date=June 16, 2016 |website=Cato Institute |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}
108. ^{{cite web |title=Sen. Joe Manchin Reveals Gross Contempt for U.S. Constitution |url=https://www.nraila.org/articles/20160616/sen-joe-manchin-reveals-gross-contempt-for-us-constitution |date=June 16, 2016 |website=NRA-ILA |accessdate=March 26, 2018}}
109. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/joe-manchin-obamacare-fixes-233541 |title=Manchin: I'll help GOP 'repair' Obamacare |first=Elana |last=Schor |date=January 12, 2017 |website=Politico |access-date=September 21, 2018}}
110. ^¹{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/17/upshot/democrats-campaign-ads-pre-existing-conditions.html |title=No. 1 Aim of Democratic Campaign Ads: Protect Pre-existing Conditions |first=Margot |last=Sanger-Katz |date=September 17, 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=September 21, 2018}}
111. ^{{cite web |last1=O'Brien |first1=Soledad |title=Sen. Joe Manchin On The Affordable Care Act |url=http://matteroffact.tv/sen-joe-manchin-affordable-care-act/ |date=January 14, 2017 |website=Matter of Fact.tv |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}
112. ^{{cite news |last1=Potter |first1=Chris |title=Bob Casey and Joe Manchin: Senate plan to repeal Obamacare would worsen opioid epidemic |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/overdosed/2017/06/20/Opioid-crisis-epidemic-overdose-Bob-Casey-Joe-Manchin-Obamacare-Senate-repeal/stories/201706200111 |date=June 20, 2017 |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}
113. ^{{cite news |last1=Beavers |first1=Olivia |title=Manchin clarifies that he is 'skeptical' of single-payer system |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/350313-manchin-clarifies-that-he-is-skeptical-of-single-payer-system |date=September 12, 2017 |newspaper=The Hill |accessdate=March 26, 2018}}
114. ^{{cite web |last1=Blau |first1=Max |title=Senator Joe Manchin: Time for a new 'war on drugs' to tackle opioids |url=https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/27/manchin-opioid-war-on-drugs/ |date=March 27, 2017 |website=STAT |accessdate=March 28, 2018}}
115. ^{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Joselyn |title=Sen. Joe Manchin Visits Unity Center in Benwood |url=http://www.theintelligencer.net/news/top-headlines/2018/02/sen-joe-manchin-visits-unity-center-in-benwood/ |date=February 3, 2018 |newspaper=The Intelligencer and Wheeling News Register |accessdate=March 28, 2018}}
116. ^{{Cite news |url=http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/370511-senate-advances-trumps-health-secretary-nominee |title=Senate confirms Trump health secretary |last=Cohn |first=Alicia |date=January 24, 2018 |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=July 23, 2018}}
117. ^{{cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/12/joe-manchin-absent-for-dream-a.html |title=Joe Manchin absent for two major Senate votes |newspaper=The Washington Post |last=Sonmez |first=Felicia |date=December 18, 2010 |access-date=September 28, 2018}}
118. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/12/dream-act-dies-in-senate-046573 |title=DREAM Act dies in Senate |first1=Scott |last1=Wong |first2=Shira |last2=Toeplitz |date=December 18, 2010 |website=Politico |access-date=August 8, 2018}}
119. ^{{Cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/392350-manchin-touts-support-for-trump-border-wall-in-new-ad |title=Manchin touts support for Trump border wall in new ad |last=Wise |first=Justin |date=June 14, 2018 |newspaper=The Hill |access-date=August 8, 2018}}
120. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontheissues.org/international/Joe_Manchin_III_Immigration.htm|title=Joe Manchin III on Immigration|website=www.ontheissues.org|access-date=2019-02-13}}
121. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/heres-how-your-senators-voted-on-failed-immigration-proposals.html |title=Here's how your senators voted on failed immigration proposals |last=Schoen |first=John W. |date=February 16, 2018 |website=CNBC |access-date=August 8, 2018}}
122. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.politifact.com/west-virginia/statements/2018/oct/05/joe-manchin/did-joe-manchin-vote-fund-border-wall/ |title=Did Joe Manchin vote to fund the border wall? |date=October 5, 2018 |website=Politifact |access-date=October 8, 2018}}
123. ^{{Cite web |url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/evaluations/7547/joe-manchin-iii/40 |title=Joe Manchin III's Ratings and Endorsements on Issue: Immigration |website=Vote Smart |access-date=August 8, 2018}}
124. ^{{cite web |title=Manchin: Chaplains May Leave Military If 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' is Repealed |date=December 3, 2010 |website=WOWK-TV |url=http://www.wowktv.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=90524 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211105707/http://wowktv.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=90524 |archivedate=December 11, 2010 |df=}}
125. ^{{cite news |last=Knezevich |first=Alison |title=Manchin lone Democrat to oppose 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' repeal |url=http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201012091323 |accessdate=December 10, 2010 |newspaper=Charleston Gazette |date=December 9, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212235141/http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201012091323 |archivedate=December 12, 2010 |df=}}
126. ^{{cite web |title=Joe Manchin booed over 'Don't ask' vote |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1210/46244.html |website=Politico |first=Scott |last=Wong |date=December 10, 2010 |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
127. ^Manchin against Trump transgender ban
128. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/03/02/manchin-wont-back-dem-effort-support-marriage/ |title=Manchin won't back Dems effort in support of marriage equality |date=March 2, 2015 |newspaper=Washington Blade |access-date=July 12, 2018}}
129. ^[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/515/cosponsors?pageSort=lastToFirst&loclr=cga-member S.515 - A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to clarify that all provisions shall apply to legally married same-sex couples in the same manner as other married couples, and for other purposes.]
130. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wvmetronews.com/news.cfm?func=displayfullstory&storyid=44122 |title=West Virginia Metro News |website=West Virginia Metro News |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
131. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.newsandsentinel.com/page/content.detail/id/557859/Bill-unveiled-for-seniors-in-emergency-situations.html?nav=5061 |title=Bill unveiled for seniors in emergency situations |newspaper=The Parkersburg News and Sentinel |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
132. ^{{cite web |last1=Weigel |first1=David |title=Joe Manchin, Grover Norquist, and the Economic Consensus of #ThisTown |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2014/03/18/joe_manchin_grover_norquist_and_the_economic_consensus_of_thistown.html |date=March 18, 2014 |website=Slate |accessdate=March 26, 2018}}
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135. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/05/manchin-murkowski-vote-buck-party-lines-in-key-vote-on-kavanaugh.html |title=Facing pressure at home, Manchin and Murkowski buck party lines in key vote on Kavanaugh |last=Higgins |first=Tucker |date=October 5, 2018 |website=CNBC |access-date=October 5, 2018}}
136. ^{{cite news |last1=Fandos |first1=Nicholas |last2=Stolberg |first2=Sheryl |title=Collins and Manchin Will Vote for Kavanaugh, All but Ensuring His Confirmation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-vote-confirmed.html |accessdate=October 5, 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 5, 2018}}
137. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/06/us/politics/kavanaugh-live-vote-senate-confirmation.html |title=How Every Senator Voted on Kavanaugh's Confirmation |last=Daniel |first=Annie |date=October 6, 2018 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 6, 2018}}
138. ^{{cite web |last1=Dovere |first1=Edward-Isaac |title='I Was An Easy Pickup': How Trump Lost Manchin on Taxes |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/12/19/joe-manchin-interview-trump-franken-podcast-216118 |date=December 19, 2017 |website=Politico |accessdate=March 26, 2018}}
139. ^{{cite web |last1=Drucker |first1=David M. |title=Joe Manchin struggles to explain opposition to GOP tax bill |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/joe-manchin-struggles-to-explain-opposition-to-gop-tax-bill |date=December 20, 2017 |website=The Washington Examiner |accessdate=March 24, 2018}}
140. ^{{cite web |last1=Jilani |first1=Zaid |title=Joe Manchin was one of five Democrats who saved Saudi arms sales. His primary opponent is furious. |url=https://theintercept.com/2017/06/19/joe-manchin-saudi-arabia-arms-primary-swearengin/ |date=June 19, 2017 |website=The Intercept |accessdate=March 25, 2018}}
141. ^{{cite news|url=https://urbanmilwaukee.com/pressrelease/u-s-senator-tammy-baldwin-presses-va-for-answers-on-misuse-of-suicide-prevention-funds/|title=U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin Presses VA for Answers on Misuse Of Suicide Prevention Funds|date=January 4, 2019|publisher=urbanmilwaukee.com}}
142. ^{{cite web |title=Governor Manchin Speaks Out on Pro-Life |url=http://www.wvnstv.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=6580 |date=November 11, 2005 |accessdate=May 11, 2009 |website=WVNS-TV |publisher=West Virginia Media Holdings, LLC |last=Jones |first=Katherine |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826025257/http://www.wvnstv.com/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=6580 |archivedate=August 26, 2009 |df= }}
143. ^{{cite web |title=W.Va. Gov. In No Rush To End Race |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/09/politics/politicalplayers/main4082837.shtml |date=May 9, 2008 |accessdate=December 30, 2010 |website=CBSNews.com |publisher=CBS Interactive |last=Goldsmith |first=Brian}}
144. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/wp/2012/12/07/joe-manchin-objects-to-mtvs-buckwild-reality-show/ |title=Joe Manchin objects to MTV's 'Buckwild' reality show |last=O'Keefe |first=Ed |date=December 7, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=}}
145. ^{{Cite web |title=Buckwild |date=January 3, 2013 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2555880/ |website=IMDb |accessdate=January 29, 2017}}
146. ^{{cite news |title=Joe Manchin III: The Harry Houdini of West Virginia Politics |url=http://www.huntingtonnews.net/8650 |newspaper=The Huntington News |accessdate=April 26, 2012 |date=September 1, 2011}}
147. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/editorials/message-for-wvu-the-board-of-governors-must-restore-credibility-394283 |title=Message for WVU: The board of governors must restore credibility |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=May 16, 2008 |accessdate=April 26, 2012}}
148. ^{{cite news |title=Editorial: The Manchin PR Machine Keeps Rollin'. But Who Buys It? |url=http://www.huntingtonnews.net/8650 |newspaper=The Huntington News |accessdate=March 25, 2018}}
149. ^{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=Zachary |title=West Virginia Senator Joe Manchin: We Need To Declare A War on Drugs |url=https://www.thefix.com/west-virginia-senator-joe-manchin-we-need-declare-war-drugs |date=December 22, 2016 |website=The Fix |accessdate=March 28, 2018}}
150. ^{{cite web |last1=Wieczner |first1=Jen |title=The Truth About Mylan CEO's 'Heather Bresch Situation' and Her MBA |url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/26/epipen-mylan-ceo-interview-heather-bresch-mba/ |date=August 26, 2016 |website=Fortune |accessdate=March 28, 2018}}
151. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jul/25/us-sen-joe-manchin-sued-by-brother-over-loan/ |title=Joe Manchin sued by brother over loan |date=July 25, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Times |accessdate=January 14, 2015}}
152. ^{{cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Emily |newspaper=Times West Virginian |title=John Manchin drops lawsuit against two brothers |date=June 30, 2015 |url=http://wvpress.org/news/john-manchin-drops-lawsuit-against-two-brothers/ |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}
153. ^{{cite web |title=Joe Manchin Skipped DREAM And DADT Votes For A Christmas Party |first=Jillian |last=Rayfield |date=December 18, 2010 |website=Talking Points Memo |url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/joe-manchin-skipped-dream-and-dadt-votes-for-a-christmas-party.php}}
154. ^{{cite news |title=Joe Manchin absent for two major Senate votes |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/12/joe-manchin-absent-for-dream-a.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |accessdate=May 4, 2012 |first=Felicia |last=Sonmez |date=December 18, 2010}}
155. ^{{cite web |last1=Hamby |first1=Peter |last2=Killough |first2=Ashley |title=Manchin to skip Democratic National Convention |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/18/manchin-to-skip-democratic-national-convention/ |date=June 18, 2012 |website=Political Ticker - CNN |accessdate=March 28, 2018}}
156. ^{{cite web |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=54&year=2008&f=0&off=5&elect=0 |title=2008 Gubernatorial General Election Results, West Virginia |accessdate=December 30, 2010 |date=November 4, 2008 |website=US Election Atlas}}