| 词条 | Heidi Hammel |
| 释义 |
|name = Heidi B. Hammel |image = Heidi Hammel Upgraded Hubble Space Telescope Images.jpg |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|03|14|mf=yes}} |birth_place = California |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |field = Planetary science Astronomy Geology |work_institutions = Space Science Institute Massachusetts Institute of Technology |education = University of Hawaii (PhD) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Bachelor) |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = Klumpke-Roberts Award (1995) Harold C. Urey Prize (1996) Carl Sagan Medal (2002) |religion = }}{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_u65h7EsDE “Target: Jupiter: Heidi B. Hammel at ANU”], September 2011 | video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eSslCoJEjE “Heidi Hammel: Becoming an Astronomer”], Apr 23, 2012}} Heidi B. Hammel (born March 14, 1960) is a planetary astronomer who has extensively studied Neptune and Uranus. She was part of the team imaging Neptune from, Voyager 2 in 1989. She led the team using the Hubble Space Telescope to view Shoemaker-Levy 9's impact with Jupiter in 1994. She has used the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Telescope to study Uranus and Neptune, discovering new information about dark spots, planetary storms and Uranus' rings. In 2002, she was selected as an interdisciplinary scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope. Hammel spends increasing time as a science communicator. She is the 2002 recipient of the Carl Sagan Medal given to a scientist whose communications have greatly enhanced the general public's understanding of planetary science.[1] She was one of Discover Magazine's 50 most important women in science in 2003.[2] In addition to her public-facing work at NASA, she became the executive vice president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) in 2010.[3][4] Personal lifeHammel was born in California and is the mother of three children.[1] EducationHammel received her undergraduate degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1982 and her Ph.D. in physics and astronomy from the University of Hawaii in 1988. After a post-doctoral position at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, Hammel returned to MIT, where she spent nearly nine years as a principal research scientist in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences.[6] CareerHammel is the executive vice president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), a consortium of 44 US members (universities as well as educational and non-profit institutions) and 5 international affiliates.[2] AURA operates world-class astronomical observatories including the Hubble Space Telescope, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the National Solar Observatory, and the Gemini Observatory.[3] Hammel became the executive vice president of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) in 2010.[3][2] Hammel says she realized about 15 years into her career that people were needed in the scientific community who plan for and work towards the future of science. {{quote|I made a commitment several years ago to move from the doing of the research to the enabling of the research... I want to make sure that ... young people have the opportunities, with the new tools that we’re developing right now, to push the boundaries of science.[3]}}Prior to her appointment at AURA, Hammel was employed as a senior research scientist and co-director of research at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.[4] In 2002, she was selected as an interdisciplinary scientist for the Hubble Space Telescope's successor, the James Webb Space Telescope,[5] (which is scheduled for launch in 2021).[14][6] She was also a member of the Science Working Group for the giant segmented mirror telescope.[7] She served on the joint NASA/NSF Exoplanet Taskforce,[8] and on the Science and Technology Definition Team for NASA's Terrestrial planet Finder Coronograph mission.[9] ResearchHammel's main areas of interest are ground and space-based astronomical observations of outer planets' atmospheres[1] and satellites[1] at visible and near infrared wavelengths[10] utilizing Adaptive optics (AO) technology.[11][12] Hammel has described her own research by saying: {{quote| "One thing that we all care about is the weather, and we care about the weather on the Earth the most. But what makes weather is gases and clouds, and the reason the weather on the Earth is hard to predict is because we have oceans and continents that interact with our atmosphere. That makes it very hard to predict the weather, as we all know. But if you take a planet like Jupiter or Neptune you don't have continents and you don't have oceans. All you have is gas, all you have is atmosphere, and therefore it's a lot easier to model the weather on those planets. But it's the same physical process, it's the same kind of thing happening, whether it happens on the Earth or whether it happens on Neptune. Therefore by studying weather on Neptune we learn about weather in general, and that helps us understand the weather on Earth better".[13]}} The Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Telescope with its new adaptive optics changed how planetary astronomers look at Uranus and Neptune. With Hubble's advanced cameras and improvements to the adaptive optics systems of the Keck telescope, astronomers became able to capture "unbelievably crisp images" and view many details that could not be seen before.[14] Hammel's planetary research with Hubble and Keck has demonstrated that both Uranus and Neptune are dynamic worlds.[15][1][16] Voyager 2, NeptuneHammel primarily studies the outer planets and their satellites, focusing on observational techniques. She was a member of the Imaging Science Team for the Voyager 2 encounter with the planet Neptune in 1989.[6] Shoemaker-Levy 9, JupiterIn 1994, Hammel led the team that investigated Jupiter's visible wavelength response to the impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 using the Hubble Space Telescope.[17][18] As the leader of the ground team Hammel analyzed photos of this event taken from the Hubble Space Telescope.[19] Hammel was the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s public face, explaining the science to television audiences worldwide.[1][20][21] Great Dark Spot, NeptuneHammel was on the team that first spotted Neptune's Great Dark Spot,[15][37] a raging storm as big as Earth, and she led the Hubble Space Telescope team that documented the Great Dark Spot's disappearance after just a few years, in 1994.[22] Weather and rings, UranusWith colleague Imke de Pater, Heidi Hammel has been studying Uranus with the Keck telescope since 2000.[39] Hammel reported clocking the fastest winds ever recorded on Uranus, roaring along between 107 and 111 meters per second (240 and 260 miles per hour); the winds were measured in October 2003 on the northernmost parts of the planet visible at that time.[23][24][25][11] Hammel discovered that Uranus' nine main rings comprise a single layer of particles, something not found in other rings. With the super-sharp optics system used at the W. M. Keck Observatory, de Pater and Hammel found an 11th ring around Uranus, a narrow sheet of rocky debris. The ring, the innermost of its siblings, is about {{convert|3,500|km|mi|sp=us}} wide and centered about {{convert|39,600|km|mi|sp=us}} from the planet's core. The ring was visible because its edge-on position to the sun and Earth reflected more light than the more typical face-on view.[26][23][24][25] In 2006, they also reported that Uranus had both an extremely rare blue ring, as well as a red ring.[27] As of 2014, her most recent research involved the imaging of Neptune and Uranus with the use of the Hubble Space Telescope, W. M. Keck Observatory, Mauna Kea Observatory, the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), Mauna Kea and other Earth-based observatories.[28] Recognition and public outreachHammel has been awarded prizes both for her research (including the 1996 Harold C. Urey Prize of the American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences)[29] and for her public outreach (such as the San Francisco Exploratorium's 1998 Public Understanding of Science Award).[30] Hammel was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2000.[31] She has also been lauded for her work in public outreach, including the 2002 Carl Sagan Medal for outstanding communication by an active planetary scientist to the general public;[32] the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's 1995 Klumpke-Roberts Award for public understanding and appreciation of astronomy;[33] and the 1996 "Spirit of American Women" National Award for encouraging young women to follow non-traditional career paths.[32] In acknowledgment of her many achievements, Discover Magazine recognized Hammel in 2002 as one of the 50 most important women in science.[34] Her biography “Beyond Jupiter: The Story of Planetary Astronomer Heidi Hammel” has been published by the United States National Academy of Sciences as part of the series “Women’s Adventures in Science.”[35] Hammel joined The Planetary Society's Board of Directors in 2005.[36] On May 7, 2009 the Women's Board of the Adler Planetarium awarded Hammel with the 2009 Women in Space Science Award.[37] In June 2010, Hammel participated in the World Science Festival held in New York City, by the James Webb Space Telescope model in Battery Park. Hammel talked about the discoveries anticipated in 2014 with the launching of the James Webb Space Telescope, which will be the world's most powerful space telescope, being the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Other speakers included John C. Mather, a Nobel laureate and the Webb telescope's senior project scientist and Dr. John Grunsfeld, astronaut, physicist and "chief repairman" of the Hubble Telescope.[38] On November 2, 2010, The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy announced the appointment of Hammel to the position of executive vice president. Hammel began her appointment on January 1, 2011.[15][2] In accepting this appointment, Hammel said: {{quote|The United States astronomical community stands at an interesting juncture with many possible paths ahead of us. I look forward to working with AURA as we confront these challenges. Our shared goal is a rich future for astronomy and astrophysics, giving the next generation of scientists new opportunities to explore the universe.[39]}} The asteroid 3530 Hammel was named in her honor in 1996.[40] Filmography
Personal quotes{{cquote|Why do astronomy? Because it can answer the fundamental question, what is the fate of the universe?}}{{cquote|It made plumes of gases that rose 1,000 miles high. Jupiter was covered with atmospheric soot. If that impact had happened on Earth, we all would have died. It would have created a major disruption of the biosphere. This is what we think happened to the dinosaurs. (On Jupiter's atmospheric response to the comet collision of 1994)[41]}}{{cquote|I am fascinated by the delicate balance of external radiation from the Sun and the internal heat from these planets. This balance seems metastable, particular for Uranus but also for Neptune, leading to detectable signatures in their atmospheric activity of the seasons and solar activity. We do not fully understand the physical processes involved in the balance, and yet it is the same balance that occurs in the Earth’s atmosphere. In other words, by studying other planets, we learn about Earth, and knowledge of Earth is incredibly important to us as a species. (On studying Uranus and Neptune, September 2010).[42]}}Further reading
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Fireball briefly outshines the planet itself |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-19/news/mn-17519_1_nuclear-weapons |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=The Los Angeles Times |date=July 19, 1994}} 18. ^{{cite web|first=David |last=Hochman |url=http://www.oprah.com/health/The-Science-of-Awe-and-Fulfillment|title=The Key to Fulfillment|website=oprah.com}} 19. ^{{cite news |last1=Hook |first1=Richard |last2=Villard |first2=Ray |title=Hubble captures rare Jupiter collision |url=https://spacetelescope.org/news/heic0909/ |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=Hubble Space Telescope |date=24 July 2009}} 20. ^{{cite news |title=Hubble captures rare Jupiter collision |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Hubble_captures_rare_Jupiter_collision |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=European Space Agency |date=24 July 2009}} 21. ^{{cite web |title=Hubble Memorable Moments|date=April 14, 2016 |url=https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11822 |website=NASA Goddard Media Studios |accessdate=11 November 2018}} 22. ^{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.268.5218.1740| last = Hammel | first = H. B.| last2 = Lockwood | first2 = G. W.| last3 = Mills | first3 = J. R.| last4 = Barnet | first4 = C. D.| date = 1995| title = Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Neptune's Cloud Structure in 1994| journal = Science| volume = 268| issue = 5218| pages = 1740–1742| pmid = 17834994| bibcode = 1995Sci...268.1740H}} 23. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Sanders |first1=Robert |title=Keck Telescope images of Uranus reveal ring, atmospheric fireworks |url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/11/10_uranus.shtml |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=UC Berkeley News |date=10 November 2004}} 24. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Francis |title=Uranus: Whacky weather, odd rings |url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2004/11/uranus-whacky-weather-odd-rings |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=Astronomy |date=November 10, 2004}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=Uranus photos reveal planet in flux |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/11/12/1241987.htm?site=sc&topic=latest |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=Discovery News |date=12 November 2004}} 26. ^{{cite news |title=Uranus photos reveal planet in flux |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/11/12/1241987.htm |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=ABC Science |date=12 November 2004}} 27. ^{{cite journal |last1=de Pater |first1=I. |last2=Hammel |first2=Heidi B. |last3=Gibbard |first3=Seran G. |last4=Showalter |first4=Mark R. |title=New Dust Belts of Uranus: One Ring, Two Ring, Red Ring, Blue Ring |journal=Science |date=7 April 2006 |volume=312 |issue=5770 |pages=92–94 |doi=10.1126/science.1125110 |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/312/5770/92?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=uraNUS&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT |accessdate=11 November 2018}} 28. ^{{cite news |title=Astronomers Thrilled by Extreme Storms on Uranus |url=http://keckobservatory.org/astronomers_thrilled_by_extreme_storms_on_uranus/ |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=W. M. Keck Observatory News |date=November 12, 2014}} 29. ^{{cite web |title=Harold C. Urey Prize in Planetary Science |url=https://dps.aas.org/prizes/urey |website=American Astronomical Society Division for Planetary Sciences |accessdate=11 November 2018}} 30. ^{{cite news |title=Three U.S. Scientists Will Be Honored at Exploratorium Dinner |url=https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Three-U-S-Scientists-Will-Be-Honored-at-3005813.php |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=SFGate |date=May 19, 1998}} 31. ^{{cite news |title=Eight MIT faculty and staff named Fellows of AAAS |url=http://news.mit.edu/1999/aaas-1208 |accessdate=11 November 2018 |work=MIT News |date=December 8, 1999}} 32. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |last1=American Astronomical Society |title=Heidi Hammel to be awarded DPS Sagan Medal |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=9386 |website=SpaceRef |accessdate=10 November 2018|date=September 30, 2002}} 33. ^{{cite web |title=Past Recipients of the Klumpke-Roberts Award |url=https://www.astrosociety.org/about-us/awards/past-recipients-of-the-klumpke-roberts-award/ |website=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |accessdate=11 November 2018}} 34. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Svitil|first1=Kathy|title=The 50 Most Important Women in Science|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/|accessdate=21 December 2014|publisher=Discover|date=1 November 2002}} 35. ^1 {{Cite book | last=Bortz | first=Fred | title=Beyond Jupiter: The Story Of Planetary Astronomer Heidi Hammel | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Joseph Henry Press | date=2006 | isbn = 978-0-309-09552-5 | postscript= | url= https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11545/beyond-jupiter-the-story-of-planetary-astronomer-heidi-hammel }} 36. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Heidi Hammel Vice President of the Board of Directors |url=http://www.planetary.org/about/board-of-directors/heidi-hammel.html |website=The Planetary Society |accessdate=11 November 2018}} 37. ^{{cite web |title=WOMEN IN SPACE SCIENCE AWARD LUNCHEON AND STUDENT PROGRAM |url=https://www.adlerplanetarium.org/wp-content/uploads/WISS-2018-Sponsorship-Opportunities.pdf?x31384 |website=ADLER PLANETARIUM |accessdate=11 November 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web |title=From the City to the Stars: Star-gazing with the Webb Telescope |url=https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/programs/from_the_city_to_the_stars_star_gazing_with_the_webb_telescope/ |website=World Science Festival|date=June 4, 2010 |accessdate=10 November 2018}} 39. ^http://www.aura-astronomy.org/about/mar/1010.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 40. ^{{cite book |last1=Wayne |first1=Tiffany K. |title=American Women of Science Since 1900 |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |page=482 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPGZJ_YuMwgC&pg=PA482 |accessdate=11 November 2018}} 41. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ctpost.com/default/article/Seeing-fate-of-the-universe-is-astronomy-s-goal-220002.php |title=Seeing fate of the universe is astronomy's goal, Ridgefield scientist says|first=Susan|last= Tuz |publisher=Connecticut Post |date=2009-05-05 |accessdate=2010-06-05}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://womeninplanetaryscience.wordpress.com/2010/09/30/heidi-hammel-ask-for-help-when-you-need-it/|title=Heidi Hammel: Ask for help when you need it|first= Susan|last= Niebur|date=30 September 2010|website=Women in Planetary Science }} External links
| last=Bortz | first=Fred | title=Beyond Jupiter: The Story Of Planetary Astronomer Heidi Hammel | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Joseph Henry Press | date=2006 | isbn = 978-0-309-09552-5 | postscript= | url= https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11545/beyond-jupiter-the-story-of-planetary-astronomer-heidi-hammel
6 : Planetary scientists|American astronomers|Women astronomers|1960 births|Living people|Women planetary scientists |
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