| 词条 | Heinrich Hoffmann (pilot) |
| 释义 |
|name=Heinrich Hoffmann |birth_date={{birth date|1913|3|8|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1941|10|3|1913|3|8|df=y}} |image=Heinrich Hoffmann.jpg |caption=Heinrich Hoffmann |alt=A black and white photo of a man wearing a military uniform with an Iron Cross displayed at the front of his shirt collar. |nickname= |birth_place=Worms, Germany |death_place= south of Yelnya |allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch={{Luftwaffe}} |serviceyears=1937–41 |rank=Oberfeldwebel |commands= |unit=JG 77, JG 51 |battles={{hidden |See battles |World War II
|- |headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb |style=text-align:center; }} |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (posthumously) |laterwork=}} Heinrich Hoffmann (8 March 1913 – 3 October 1941) was a German fighter ace in the Luftwaffe during World War II. Hoffmann was credited with 63 aerial victories in 261 combat missions and was the first non-commissioned officer and first posthumous Wehrmacht recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves,{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=47}} the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was "ace-in-a-day" twice, shooting down five aircraft on a single day. Early life and careerHoffmann, the son of carpenter master craftsman Ernst Hoffmann, was born on 8 March 1913 in Pfiffigheim. Pfiffigheim is a borough of Worms, at the time in the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, a constituent state of the German Empire. Interested in flight, he was an active member of the Hitler Youth and later with the National Socialist Flyers Corps where he received his first flight training in 1936.{{sfn|Stockert|2012|p=208}} He joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 and was promoted to Unteroffizier (corporal, non-commissioned officer) of the Reserve in 1938.{{sfn|Stockert|2012|p=208}} Following fighter pilot training,{{refn|Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.{{sfn|Bergström|Antipov|Sundin|2003|p=17}}|group="Note"}} he was assigned to the 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) on 18 May 1940.[1] The squadron was later re-designated and as of 21 November 1940 was known as 12. Staffel (12th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing).{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=47}} World War IIWorld War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. Hoffmann claimed his first aerial victory over a Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft on 7 September 1940 in the Battle of Britain.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=47}} In total, he flew 147 combat missions over the English Channel and Britain.{{sfn|Stockert|2012|p=208}} Hoffmann's most successful period as a fighter pilot began in July 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. After his 12th victory, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class ({{lang|de|Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse}}) on 10 July 1941 followed by the Iron Cross 1st Class ({{lang|de|Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse}}) on 28 July. He claimed 20 aerial victories during July and 25 in August. He often flew as wingman to Heinrich Bär, contributing to Bär's record of 220 claimed kills, pilot slang for the destruction of an enemy aircraft.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=47}} On 22 July 1941 Hoffmann claimed his 23rd aerial victory of the war over an Ilyushin Il-2.{{sfn|Bergström|Mikhailov|2000|p=116}} The Il-2 Shturmovik was a heavily armoured ground attack aircraft which was very difficult to shoot down. Hoffmann became an expert by aiming for the Il-2's non-retractable oil cooler. These kills are listed as "R-3s" on his personal victory list.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=47}} He achieved his 33rd aerial victory on 2 August 1941, shooting down three Polikarpov R-5s, one Polikarpov I-15 and two Neman R-10 bombers, making him an "ace-in-a-day".{{sfn|Bergström|Mikhailov|2000|p=118}} Hoffmann received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ({{Lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes}}) after 40 aerial victories on 12 August 1941. He also destroyed three locomotives and 10 trucks in numerous ground support missions{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=47}} He claimed his 50th aerial victory on 2 September 1941 by destroying four R-3s, which may have been R-5s or Polikarpov R-Zs. Two days later he claimed two Ilyushin DB-3s and one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3.{{sfn|Bergström|Mikhailov|2000|pp=142–143}} On 8 September, Hoffmann claimed two more Tupolev SBs, bringing his total to 55 aerial victories. These were his last successes on the Leningrad front. His unit, IV./JG 51, was relocated further south.{{sfn|Bergström|Mikhailov|2000|p=184}} On 3 October 1941, the Luftwaffe officially listed Oberfeldwebel (Staff Sergeant) Hoffmann as missing in action after a low altitude engagement with several Il-2s near Shatalovo in the early evening hours.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=47}} He was flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109F-2 Werknummer (factory number) 12876 and may have been shot down by the Soviet 233 IAP's (233rd Fighter Aviation Regiment) Starshiy Leytenant Sergeyev, who claimed his first aerial victory in the vicinity where Hoffmann disappeared.{{sfn|Bergström|Mikhailov|2000|p=194}}[2] Posthumously he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ({{Lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub}}) on 19 October 1941, the 36th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored. This presentation was the first to a non-commissioned officer and the first made posthumously.{{sfn|Stockert|2012|p=209}} Summary of careerAerial victory claimsMatthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 63 aerial victory claims, one of which on the Western Front, and 62 Soviet Air Forces piloted aircraft on the Eastern Front.{{sfn|Matthews|Foreman|2015|pp=535–537}} Awards
Notes1. ^For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II. 2. ^IAP—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Истребительный Авиационный Полк) ReferencesCitations{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |last2=Mikhailov |first2=Andrey |year=2000 |title=Black Cross / Red Star Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume I, Operation Barbarossa 1941 |location=Pacifica, California |publisher=Pacifica Military History |isbn=978-0-935553-48-2 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Bergström |first1=Christer |last2=Antipov |first2=Vlad |last3=Sundin |first3=Claes |year=2003 |title=Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces |location=Hamilton MT |publisher=Eagle Editions |isbn=978-0-9721060-4-7 |ref=harv }}
|last=Fellgiebel |first=Walther-Peer |authorlink=Walther-Peer Fellgiebel |year=2000 |origyear=1986 |title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile |trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches |language=German |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Pallas |isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Matthews |first1=Andrew Johannes |last2=Foreman |first2=John |year=2015 |title=Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L |location=Walton on Thames |publisher=Red Kite |isbn=978-1-906592-19-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Obermaier |first=Ernst |year=1989 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945 |language=German |location=Mainz, Germany |publisher=Verlag Dieter Hoffmann |isbn=978-3-87341-065-7 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2002 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-64-9 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Prien |first1=Jochen |last2=Stemmer |first2=Gerhard |last3=Rodeike |first3=Peter |last4=Bock |first4=Winfried |year=2003 |title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 |trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941 |language=German |location=Eutin, Germany |publisher=Struve-Druck |isbn=978-3-923457-69-4 |ref=harv }}
|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Spick |first=Mike |year=1996 |title=Luftwaffe Fighter Aces |location=New York |publisher=Ivy Books |isbn=978-0-8041-1696-1 }}
|last=Stockert |first=Peter |year=2012 |origyear=1996 |edition=4th |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1 |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1 |language=German |location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |isbn=978-3-9802222-7-3 |ref=harv }}
|last=Thomas |first=Franz |year=1997 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K |language=German |location=Osnabrück, Germany |publisher=Biblio-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7648-2299-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Von Seemen |first=Gerhard |year=1976 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 : die Ritterkreuzträger sämtlicher Wehrmachtteile, Brillanten-, Schwerter- und Eichenlaubträger in der Reihenfolge der Verleihung : Anhang mit Verleihungsbestimmungen und weiteren Angaben |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 : The Knight's Cross Bearers of All the Armed Services, Diamonds, Swords and Oak Leaves Bearers in the Order of Presentation: Appendix with Further Information and Presentation Requirements |language=German |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7909-0051-4 |ref=harv }}
|last=Weal |first=John |year=2006 |title=Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-045-1 }}
|last=Weal |first=John |year=2007 |title=More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-177-9 }}{{Refend}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography | portal3=Military of Germany | portal4=World War II }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoffmann, Heinrich}} 8 : 1913 births|1941 deaths|Luftwaffe pilots|German World War II flying aces|German military personnel killed in World War II|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves|Missing in action of World War II|Aerial disappearances of military personnel in action |
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