| 词条 | Henricia leviuscula |
| 释义 |
| name = Pacific blood star | image = Henricia leviuscula Rialto Beach.JPG | image_alt = Sea star in sea grass | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Echinodermata | classis = Asteroideaia | ordo = Spinulosida | subordo = Leptognathina | familia = Echinasteridae | genus = Henricia | species = H. leviuscula | binomial = Henricia leviuscula | binomial_authority = (Stimpson), 1857 }} Henricia leviuscula, commonly called the Pacific blood star, it is a species of starfish found along the Pacific coast of North America. DescriptionThey can usually be identified by their bright orange-red color, but there can also be many variations from tan to almost purple. The disk can be a mottled gray color. There can also be a saddle-like marking of lilac blotches between the rays, but the rays are not mottled.[1] They commonly have 5 rays (occasionally 4–6). The rays are smooth and appear smooth due to the lack of pedicellariae and spines. The species is relatively small; the diameter is usually over 8 cm and rarely gets larger than 12 cm.[2] As with all seastars the blood star has a madreporite which can be seen in the image below. Reproduction and life historySexes are dioecious and females are not known to brood young.[3] This statement is in conflict with other sources that state that smaller females brood their young and larger females discharge eggs directly in the water and do not brood them.[4] This is one reason that is leading biologists to believe this is a species complex.[5] Embryonic stages do not adhere to one another but float freely. Post-hatching larvae are ciliated and swim. Spawned eggs have been measured at 1342 μm diameter.[6]BehaviorIn a study comparing seastar righting behavior the Henricia leviuscula twisted arms 1 and 3 toward each other, used arms 4 and 5 to support itself on the bottom of the tank, and moved arm 2 up so it was in a sitting-like position, and began to flip itself over. Overall, it had an average righting time of 15.22 minutes.[7] DistributionIts range is from Alaska to Baja California.[8] HabitatIts habitat is the intertidal zone under rocks and protected places from the low-tide line to about 400 m deep.[9] They often have a commensal scaleworm, Arctonoe vittata.[10] AssociationsThere may be hybrids and possible distinct species that key to Henricia leviuscula.[11] Subspecies are Henricia leviuscula annectens and Henricia leviuscula levivuscula.[12] Trophic strategyThey mainly feed on sponges and small bacteria.[13] The sea star moves these tiny particles, which are captured in mucus and swept to the mouth by ciliated tracts. It may also feed by applying the stomach to the surfaces of sponges and bryozoa.[14] Conservation statusNot listed. Predators are humans and birds. Related names
Common namesPacific blood star, Blood star, Blood star fish.[16] Notes1. ^Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2. ^Kozloff, E. N. (1993). Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 3. ^Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 4. ^Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc. 5. ^Cowles, D. (2005). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Key to Invertebrates Found At or Near Rosario Beach: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%2520Asteroidea/Henricia_leviuscula4sDLC2005.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inver 6. ^Douglas J. Eernise, M. F. (2010). Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02329p036.pdf 7. ^Sarah Pearson, S. P. (2008, July 11). Righting Behavior of Sea Stars. Retrieved May 2010, 8, from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/7841/Pearson-Pedemonte.pdf?sequence=1 8. ^Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc. 9. ^Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc. 10. ^Arctonoe vittata {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730101822/http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Annelida/Polynoidae/Arctonoe_vittata.html |date=2012-07-30 }} 11. ^Kozloff, E. N. (1996). Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle : University of Washington Press. 12. ^Catalogue of Life. (2008). Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Species 2000: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?selected_taxon=991569 13. ^Meinkoth, N. A. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North America Seashore Creatures. New York: Chanticleer Press, Inc. 14. ^Lester B. Pearson College. (2001, December 1). Henricia leviuscula. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from Racerocks.com: http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/eco/taxalab/taniam.htm 15. ^Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). (2010, May 07). Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/598509 16. ^Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857). (2010, May 07). Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Encyclopedia of Life: http://www.eol.org/pages/598509 References
External links
2 : Echinasteridae|Starfish described in 1857 |
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