词条 | Heracleum persicum |
释义 |
|name = Golpar |image = Illustration_Heracleum_sphondylium0.jpg |image_caption = Flower and leaf |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Asterids |ordo = Apiales |familia = Apiaceae |genus = Heracleum |species = H. persicum |binomial = Heracleum persicum |binomial_authority = Desf. ex Fisch. |}}Heracleum persicum, commonly known as Persian hogweed or simply hogweed, is a polycarpic perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, originally native to the region of Iran (Persia). It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran, as well in some adjacent areas. As a spice, its common name in English is 'angelica,' although it is not related to the genus Angelica.[1] Having been introduced in the 1830's, it has spread across Scandinavia. It is now very common in northern Norway, where it is known as the Tromsø palm.[2] The plant has also been spotted in Sweden.[3] In Finland, it has been declared as invasive species.[4] Persian hogweed is a polycarpic perennial,[5][6] that is, a mature plant flowers and bears fruit season after season. UsesFood usesThe seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. The very thin, small seed pods are aromatic and slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powdered form and are often erroneously sold as "angelica seeds". The powder is sprinkled over broad beans, lentils and other legumes, and potatoes. Golpar is also used in soups and stews. It is often used sprinkled over pomegranate arils.[7] Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which lettuce leaves are dipped before eating. Golpar can be used in small amounts (1 or 2 tsp per pound) when cooking beans to reduce the effect of gas in the digestive tract associated with consuming beans.[8]{{failed verification|date=October 2011}}{{dubious|date=October 2011}} In Persian cuisine, the petals are used in the spice mixture advieh to flavor rice dishes, as well as in chicken and bean dishes. The tender leaves and leaf stalks can also be pickled (known as golpar torshi). Public health and safetyThe sap of the Tromsø palm contains furanocoumarins, which in combination with ultraviolet light, leads to phytophotodermatitis.[6] There is some anecdotal evidence that H. persicum may be less dangerous than H. mantegazzianum with respect to phototoxicity.[1] Control measuresKnown ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing. See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Alm|first=Torbjørn|date=2013|title=Ethnobotany of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., an invasive species in Norway, or how plant names, uses, and other traditions evolve|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|language=En|volume=9|issue=1|pages=42|doi=10.1186/1746-4269-9-42|issn=1746-4269|pmc=3699400|pmid=23800181}} 2. ^{{Citation |title = Bjørnekjeks tar kvelertak på naturen (Hogweed takes stranglehold on nature) |first = Kristin |last = Straumsheim Grønli |date = July 10, 2006 |url = http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/juli/1151926878.96 |accessdate = September 12, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110923040522/http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2006/juli/1151926878.96/ |archive-date = 2011-09-23 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 3. ^{{cite journal|title=Heracleum mantegazzianum, Heracleum sosnowskyi and Heracleum persicum|journal=EPPO Bulletin|date=2009|volume=39|issue=3|pages=489–499|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02313.x}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://vieraslajit.fi/lajit/MX.41695/show|title=Jättiputket (Heracleum persicum -ryhmä) - Vieraslajit.fi|website=vieraslajit.fi}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |isbn=978-87-7903-209-5 |url=https://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/20497522/kaempe_bjorneklo_eng.pdf |title= The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe |last1=Booy |first1=Olaf |last2=Cock |first2=Matthew |last3=Eckstein |first3=Lutz |last4=Hansen |first4=Steen Ole |last5=Hattendorf |first5=Jan |last6=Hüls |first6=Jörg |last7=Jahodová |first7=Sárka |last8=Krinke |first8=Lucás |last9=Marovoková |first9=Lanka |last10=Müllerová |first10=Jana |last11=Nentwig |first11=Wolfgang |last12=Nielsen |first12=Charlotte |last13=Otte |first13=Annette |last14=Pergl |first14=Jan |last15=Perglová |first15=Irena |last16=Priekule |first16=Ilze |last17=Pusek |first17=Petr |last18=Ravn |first18=Hans Peter |last19=Thiele |first19=Jan |last20=Trybush |first20=Sviatlana |last21=Wittenberg |first21=Rüdiger |date=2005 |publisher=Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet |access-date=September 1, 2018}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/inp.2017.11 |title=Regulation of the Invasive Plant Heracleum persicum by Private Landowners in Tromsø, Norway |last1=Meier |first1=Sophie |last2=Taff |first2=Gregory N. |last3=Aune |first3=Jens B. |last4=Eiter |first4=Sebastian |journal=Invasive Plant Science and Management |year=2017 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=166–179 }} 7. ^{{cite web | last =Fujimori | first =Sachi | title =Get cooking with pomegranates, the super fruit that's in season | publisher =NorthJersey.com | date =December 12, 2013 | url =http://www.northjersey.com/food_dining/235525181_Get_cooking_with_pomegranates__the_super_fruit_that_s_in_season_.html | accessdate = December 31, 2013 }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/|title= Gas in the Digestive Tract: Digestive Diseases - NIDDK|publisher=}} External links
4 : Edible Apiaceae|Medicinal plants of Asia|Spices|Iranian cuisine |
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