词条 | John Alden |
释义 |
Capt. John Alden Sr. ({{circa}} 1598{{ndash}}1687)[1] was a crew member on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. Rather than return to England with the ship, he stayed at what became Plymouth Colony. He was hired in Southampton, England, as the ship's cooper, responsible for maintaining the ship's barrels. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact. He married fellow Mayflower passenger Priscilla Mullins, whose entire family perished in the first winter. He served in a number of important government positions such as Assistant Governor, Duxbury Deputy to the General Court of Plymouth, Captain Myles Standish's Duxbury militia company, a member of the Council of War, Treasurer of Plymouth Colony, and Commissioner to Dartmouth.[2] English originsMany theories have been ventured about the English origins of John Alden.[3] Robert Charles Anderson, general editor of the multi-decade "Great Migration" effort to establish the earliest European immigrants to New England, says that although one or two of the hypothesized origins are "tempting," none of them are proved.[4] Research by historian Charles Edward Banks published in 1929 theorized that John Alden may have come from the Alden family of Harwich in Essex, England.[5] Harwich is an ancient North Sea port, northeast of London, which was the homeport of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower and home of its captain, Christopher Jones. The Alden family of Harwich had distant connections to Jones, residing there in the 17th century and possibly related to him by marriage. The only certainty about his English background were Bradford's words that Alden "was hired for a cooper, (barrel maker) at Southampton, where the ship victuled; and being a hopeful young man, was much desired, but left to his liking to go or stay when he came here; but he stayed, and maryed here." Author Charles Banks states that the employment of Alden "at Southampton" does not necessarily mean that he was a resident of the seaport and may have only been there to work temporarily when the Mayflower arrived. Banks notes a young John Alden about the same age as the Mayflower passenger was a seafarer in Harwich in the early 17th century. Banks also reports that John Alden, said to have been born in 1599, residing in Southampton in 1620, may have been the son of George Alden the fletcher (arrow maker), who disappeared – probably dying in that year – leaving John, an orphan, free to take overseas employment. Jane, the widow, may have been his mother and Richard and Avys his grandparents. The tax list of Holyrood Ward in 1602 list the names of George Alden and John's future father-in-law William Mullins.[6][5] Voyage of the MayflowerThe Mayflower departed Plymouth, England, on September 6, 1620. The 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way, there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come. After arriving at their destination, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter.[7] On November 9, 1620, after a month of delays in England and about two months at sea, they spotted the Cape Cod Hook. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor, where they anchored on November 11. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[7][8] In Plymouth ColonyJohn Alden was among the original settlers of the Plymouth Colony. Although not himself a Separatist, he had been hired to be a cooper (barrel maker) and decided to join the journey when she set sail, perhaps with the hope of becoming prosperous in the New World. Alden's rivalry with Miles Standish for the affection of Priscilla Mullins is recounted elaborately in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "The Courtship of Miles Standish" (1858). From 1633 until 1675, he was assistant to the governor of the Plymouth Colony, frequently serving as acting governor and also on many juries. Dispute of 1634In 1634, Alden was jailed, in Boston, for a fight at Kenebeck in Maine between members of the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The fight involved a fur trading dispute that escalated into a killing of Plymouth colonist Moses Talbot by John Hocking by a shot to the head. Hocking was then immediately killed by Plymouth colonists by a shot to the head.[9][10] While Alden did not participate in the fight, he was the highest-ranking member from Plymouth that the Massachusetts Bay colonists found to arrest. It was only through the intervention of Bradford that he was eventually released. FamilyJohn Alden married Priscilla Mullins on May 12, 1622. She was the only survivor of the Mayflower Mullins family. They had ten children. Priscilla died in Duxbury between 1651 and her husband's death in 1687. Both were buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury, Massachusetts.[1][11] John Alden was an extreme ancestor to president John Adams and his family. A direct descendant of John was Scott Alden (1907–1977), who served as an assistant to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.[12] Also a descendant was Vernon Alden who served as President of Ohio University from 1962 until 1967. The main campus library at OU is named in his honor. Children of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins
Priscilla Alden who married Samuel Cheeseborough of Stonington, Connecticut was the daughter of David, who is the youngest child of John and Pricilla Alden. There is confusion here in this documentation. John and Pricilla Alden of the Mayflower were her grandparents. Final days and legacyJohn Alden was the last survivor of the signers of the Mayflower Compact. He died at Duxbury[13] on September 12, 1687. Both he and his wife Priscilla lie buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground. The Alden residence is also in Duxbury, on the north side of the village, on a farm which is still in possession of their descendants of the seventh generation. He made no will, having distributed the greater part of his estate among his children during his lifetime.[14] A wheel-lock carbine owned by John Alden is housed at the NRA's National Firearms Museum; it is the only known surviving firearm to have crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. The rifle was found hidden in the Alden house during a 1924 restoration.[15][16] John Alden's House, now a National Historic Landmark, was built in 1653 and is open to the public as a museum. It is run by the Alden Kindred of America,[17] an organization which provides historical information about him and his home, including genealogical records of his descendants. John and Priscilla had the following children who survived to adulthood: Elizabeth, John (accused during the Salem witch trials), Joseph, Priscilla, Robert, Jonathan, Sarah, Ruth, Mary, Rebecca, and David. They have the most descendants today of all the pilgrim families.[18]References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Plimoth Plantation and the New England Historic Genealogical Society. [https://www.plimoth.org/sites/default/files/media/pdf/alden_john.pdf "A genealogical profile of John Alden"]. Plimoth Plantation website. Retrieved 9 December 2017. 2. ^Alden, Augustus Ephraim. [https://books.google.com/books?id=maNAtBc2qFgC Pilgrim Alden: the story of the life of the first John Alden in America] (Boston: James H. Earle and Company: 1902). pp. 84-86. Retrieved 9 December 2017. 3. ^Alicia Crane Williams, 'John Alden: Theories on English Ancestry', The Mayflower Descendant 39: 111-22 (1989), 40: 133-26 (1990), 41: 201 (1991). 4. ^Robert Charles Anderson, The Pilgrim Migration: Immigrants to Plymouth Colony 1620-1633 (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004), p. 9. Accessed 9 December 2017. 5. ^1 Charles Edward Banks, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FzYQ4ZsyJoUC The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the Fortune in 1621, and the Anne and the Little James in 1623] (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006, originally published 1929) [https://books.google.com/books?id=FzYQ4ZsyJoUC&lpg=PP1&dq=the%20english%20ancestry%20and%20homes%20of%20our%20pilgrim%20forefathers&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=john%20alden&f=false pp. 27–28]. Retrieved 9 December 2017. 6. ^Eugene Aubrey Stratton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7TH062rPP2MC Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691], (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7TH062rPP2MC&lpg=PA388&dq=plymouth%20colony%20its%20history%20and%20people&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q=john%20alden&f=false 232–233]. 7. ^1 Eugene Aubrey Stratton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7TH062rPP2MC Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691], (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 413. 8. ^George Ernest Bowman, The Mayflower Compact and its signers, (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7–19. 9. ^Caleb Johnson. "John Alden". Mayflower History.com. Retrieved 9 December 2017. 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Caleb|title=Of Plymouth Plantation: Along with the full text of the Pilgrims' journals for their first year at Plymouth.|isbn=9781462822386|page=577}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ha1UOnX4ut4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=john+alden+priscilla+myles+standish+burial&source=bl&ots=RChAxdErwk&sig=Ig1opIjCRw60bYJF_r6QDu9GJ9E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhktLj_LPcAhXjMn0KHTg2AJs4ChDoAQhcMAk#v=onepage&q=john+alden+priscilla+myles+standish+burial&f=false|title=The Graves of Myles Standish and Other Pilgrims|first=Eugene Joseph Vincent|last=Huiginn|date=7 January 1892|publisher=Herald and Tourist Steam Print. House|via=Google Books}} 12. ^{{cite news| title =Former Aide to Hoover Burial Slated Today| newspaper =The Tennessean| location =Nashville, Tennessee| pages =24| publisher =| date =December 14, 1977| url =https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4878252/former_aide_to_hoover_burial_slated/| access-date = April 9, 2016}} 13. ^Duxbury, in other records, a.k.a. Duxburrough, Duxborough, Duxboro. 14. ^Alden 1867, p. 2. 15. ^Kristin Alberts, Thanksgiving's First Rifle: The Mayflower Wheel-lock Carbine, American Digest. Retrieved 9 December 2017. 16. ^"Mayflower Wheellock Carbine", NRA Museums. Retrieved 9 December 2017. 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alden.org/|title=Alden Kindred of America|website=www.alden.org}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDYxAAAAMAAJ&dq=Memorial+of+the+Descendants+of+the+Hon.+John+Alden&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Memorial of the Descendants of the Hon. John Alden|first=Ebenezer|last=Alden|date=7 January 1867|publisher=S. P. Brown|via=Google Books}} Sources
External links{{Wikisource1911Enc|Alden, John}}
7 : 1590s births|1687 deaths|Mayflower passengers|People from Duxbury, Massachusetts|17th-century English people|Early colonists in America|Burials at Myles Standish Burial Ground |
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