“John Backus”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

John Warner Backus (December 3, 1924 – March 17, 2007) was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented and implemented FORTRAN, the first widely used high-level programming language, and was the inventor of the Backus–Naur form (BNF), a widely used notation to define formal language syntax. He later did research into the function-level programming paradigm, presenting his findings in his influential 1977 Turing Award lecture "Can Programming Be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?"

The IEEE awarded Backus the W. W. McDowell Award in 1967 for the development of FORTRAN.^[1] He received the National Medal of Science in 1975^[2] and the 1977 ACM Turing Award "for profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages".^[3]

He retired in 1991 and died at his home in Ashland, Oregon on March 17, 2007.^[4]

Early life

Backus was born in Philadelphia and grew up in nearby Wilmington, Delaware.^[4] He studied at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and was apparently not a diligent student.^[5] After entering the University of Virginia to study chemistry, he quit and was conscripted into the U.S. Army.^[5] He began medical training at Haverford College^[6] and, during an internship at a hospital, he was diagnosed with a cranial bone tumor, which was successfully removed; a plate was installed in his head, and he ended medical training after nine months and a subsequent operation to replace the plate with one of his own design.^[7]

Fortran

After moving to New York City he trained initially as a radio technician and became interested in mathematics. He graduated from Columbia University with a bachelor's degree in 1949 and a master's degree in 1950, both in mathematics,^[8] and joined IBM in 1950. During his first three years, he worked on the Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC); his first major project was to write a program to calculate positions of the Moon. In 1953 Backus developed the language Speedcoding, the first high-level language created for an IBM computer, to aid in software development for the IBM 701 computer.^[9]

Programming was very difficult at this time, and in 1954 Backus assembled a team to define and develop Fortran for the IBM 704 computer. Fortran was the first high-level programming language to be put to broad use.

Backus–Naur form

Backus served on the international committees that developed ALGOL 58 and the very influential ALGOL 60, which quickly became the de facto worldwide standard for publishing algorithms. Backus developed the Backus–Naur form (BNF), in the UNESCO report on ALGOL 58. It was a formal notation able to describe any context-free programming language, and was important in the development of compilers. A few deviations from this approach were tried—notably in Lisp and APL—but by the 1970s, following the development of automated compiler generators such as yacc, Backus–Naur context-free specifications for computer languages had become quite standard. This contribution helped Backus win the Turing Award in 1977.

Function-level programming

Backus later worked on a function-level programming language known as FP, which was described in his Turing Award lecture "Can Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?". Sometimes viewed as Backus's apology for creating Fortran, this paper did less to garner interest in the FP language than to spark research into functional programming in general. When Backus publicized the function-level style of programming, his message was mostly misunderstood^[10] as being the same as traditional functional programming style languages.

FP was strongly inspired by Kenneth E. Iverson’s APL, even using a non-standard character set. An FP interpreter was distributed with the 4.2BSD Unix operating system, but there were relatively few implementations of the language, most of which were used for educational purposes.

Backus spent the latter part of his career developing FL (from "Function Level"), a successor to FP. FL was an internal IBM research project, and development of the language stopped when the project was finished. Only a few papers documenting it remain, and the source code of the compiler described in them was not made public. FL was at odds with functional programming languages being developed in the 1980s, most of which were based on the lambda calculus and static typing systems instead of, as in APL, the concatenation of primitive operations. Many of the language's ideas have now been implemented in versions of the J programming language, Iverson's successor to APL.

Awards and honors

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web| title=W. Wallace McDowell Award| url=http://www.computer.org/portal/site/ieeecs/menuitem.c5efb9b8ade9096b8a9ca0108bcd45f3/index.jsp?&pName=ieeecs_level1&path=ieeecs/about/awards&file=WallaceMcD_recipients.xml&xsl=generic.xsl&| accessdate=April 15, 2008| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133553/http://www.computer.org/portal/site/ieeecs/menuitem.c5efb9b8ade9096b8a9ca0108bcd45f3/index.jsp?&pName=ieeecs_level1&path=ieeecs%2Fabout%2Fawards&file=WallaceMcD_recipients.xml&xsl=generic.xsl&| archivedate=September 29, 2007| df=mdy-all}}
2. ^¹{{cite web | title = The President's National Medal of Science: John Backus | publisher = National Science Foundation | url = https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=25 | accessdate = March 21, 2007 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111636/http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=25 | archivedate = September 29, 2007 | df = mdy-all }}
3. ^¹{{cite web | title = ACM Turing Award Citation: John Backus | publisher = Association for Computing Machinery | url = http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/backus.html | accessdate =March 22, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070204114319/http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/backus.html |archivedate = February 4, 2007}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thocp.net/biographies/backus_john.htm|title=John Backus|work=The History of Computing Project|accessdate=28 April 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427013234/http://www.thocp.net/biographies/backus_john.htm|archivedate=April 27, 2016|df=mdy-all}}
5. ^¹²{{cite news | first = Steve | last = Lohr | title = John W. Backus, 82, Fortran Developer, Dies | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/business/20backus.html | work = New York Times | date = March 20, 2007 | accessdate =March 21, 2007 }}
6. ^{{cite web | url = http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/backus.html | title = Inventor of the Week Archive John Backus | date = February 2006 | accessdate = August 25, 2011 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111026012905/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/backus.html | archivedate = October 26, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}
7. ^{{cite web | url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf | title = Oral History of John Backus | author = Grady Booch (interviewer) | date = September 25, 2006 | accessdate = August 17, 2009 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110826124340/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf | archivedate = August 26, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/backus_0703524.cfm|title=John Backus - A.M. Turing Award Laureate|author=|date=|website=amturing.acm.org|accessdate=May 4, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119064507/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/backus_0703524.cfm|archivedate=January 19, 2018|df=mdy-all}}
9. ^{{cite journal|last=Allen|first=F.E.|title=The History of Language Processor Technology in IBM|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development|volume=25|issue=5|date=September 1981|pages=535–548|doi=10.1147/rd.255.0535|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5390587|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523011449/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5390587|archivedate=May 23, 2014|df=mdy-all}}
10. ^Hudak, Paul (1989). "Conception, Evolution, And Application Of Functional Programming Languages". ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 21, No. 3
11. ^{{cite web | title=John Backus | work=IBM Archives | url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_backus.html | accessdate=March 21, 2007 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110826124341/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_backus.html | archivedate=August 26, 2011 | df=mdy-all }}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=April 28, 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725002054/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|archivedate=July 25, 2011|df=mdy-all}}
13. ^{{cite web| title=John Backus| url=http://www.thocp.net/biographies/backus_john.htm| accessdate=April 15, 2008| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514151702/http://www.thocp.net/biographies/backus_john.htm| archivedate=May 14, 2008| df=mdy-all}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/awardscom.nsf/weblinks/NAEW-4NHMN6?OpenDocument |title=Recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize |accessdate=March 26, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302035959/http://www.nae.edu/nae/awardscom.nsf/weblinks/NAEW-4NHMN6?OpenDocument |archivedate=March 2, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}
15. ^{{cite web| title=Fellow Awards 1997 Recipient John Backus| url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/John,Backus/| accessdate=April 15, 2008| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709005030/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/John,Backus/| archivedate=July 9, 2010| df=mdy-all}}