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词条 Heroes' Acre (Namibia)
释义

  1. Location and description

  2. Honored heroes

  3. Construction controversy

  4. See also

  5. References

The Heroes' Acre is an official war memorial of the Republic of Namibia. Built into the uninhabited hills {{circa}} {{convert|10|km|mi}} south of the city centre of Windhoek, Heroes' Acre opened on 26 August 2002 and operates for the purpose of "foster(ing) a spirit of patriotism and nationalism, and to pass on the legacy to the future generations of Namibia".[1]

Location and description

The Heroes' Acre monument is situated south of Windhoek on the B1 national road to Rehoboth. It is built as a symmetric polygon with a marble obelisk and a bronze statue of the Unknown Soldier at its centre. The site contains parade grounds and a grandstand for 5000 people. The burial site consists of 174 tombs, not all of which are {{As of|2010|alt=currently}} occupied.[2]

Honored heroes

At inauguration nine national heroes and heroines were identified. For each of them a tombstone with name and picture has been erected, although they are not buried here. The nine national heroes are:[3]

  1. Kahimemua Nguvauva (1850–1896), Chief of the Ovambanderu, was wounded May 1896 in the Battle of Sturmfeld and after his surrender executed by the Germans&91;4&93;
  2. Nehale Lya Mpingana (died 1908), King of Ondonga, defeated the settlers of the Dorsland Trek in 1886, and German colonial forces at Fort Namutoni in 1904&91;3&93;
  3. Samuel Maharero (1856–1923), Paramount Chief of the Herero people, led the uprisings against German colonialism that resulted in the Herero and Namaqua War of 1904–1907&91;3&93;
  4. Hendrik Witbooi (1830–1905), King of the Nama people and fighter against the colonial oppression of the German Empire in German South West Africa&91;5&93;
  5. Jacob Morenga (1875–1907), successor of Hendrik Witbooi as Nama Chief, used the fortress of ǁKhauxaǃnas to wage a guerrilla war against the Schutztruppe of Imperial Germany&91;6&93;
  6. Mandume Ya Ndemufayo (1894–1917), last king of the Kwanyama, led his people into battles with British, Portuguese, and South African colonial forces&91;7&93;
  7. Iipumbu Ya Tshilongo (1875–1959), King of the Uukwambi and strong nationalist, resisted European cultural influence exercised via the establishment of mission stations and administrative outposts&91;3&93;
  8. Anna Mungunda (1910s–1959), protester against the forced eviction from Windhoek's Old Location in 1959. Set the car of a high-ranking administrator alight and was shot dead in response.&91;8&93;
  9. Hosea Kutako (1870–1970), Paramount Chief of the Herero and petitioner to the United Nations for an independent Namibia&91;9&93;

In later years, several additional people have been declared national heroes, and buried here. These are:

  • Dimo Hamaambo (1932–2002), served as the second commander of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia[10]
  • Maxton Joseph Mutongulume (1932–2004), founding member of the Ovamboland People's Congress and long-term SWAPO functionary and Central Committee member[11]
  • Markus Kooper (1918–2005), petitioner to the United Nations[12]
  • Mose Penaani Tjitendero (1943–2006), first speaker of National Assembly[13]
  • Richard Kapelwa Kabajani (1943–2007), former cabinet minister and ambassador to Cuba[14]
  • John Pandeni (1950–2008), prisoner of Robben Island and later Namibian Minister[15]
  • Peter Tsheehama (1941–2010), People's Liberation Army of Namibia commander and Chief of Namibian Intelligence[16]
  • John ya Otto Nankudhu (1933–2011), People's Liberation Army of Namibia commander and Robben Island inmate[17]
  • Frederick Matongo (1946 or 1947–2013) Lieutenant Colonel of the Namibian Defence Force, early participant of the Namibian War of Independence[18]
  • Andrew Intamba (1947–2014), first director of the Namibia Central Intelligence Service, and Namibian ambassador to Egypt[19]
  • Mzee Kaukungwa (1919–2014), veteran of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia and founding member of SWAPO.
  • Gerson Veii (1939–2015), founding member of the South West Africa National Union (SWANU). Veii is the first opposition party member to be accorded a hero's burial[20]
  • Hidipo Hamutenya (1939–2016), former cabinet minister, long-time leading member of SWAPO, founder of RDP.
  • Andimba Toivo ya Toivo (1924–2017), anti-apartheid activist, politician and political prisoner. Founding member of SWAPO.
  • Theo-Ben Gurirab (1938–2018), former Prime Minister, former Speaker of the National Assembly, veteran diplomat of SWAPO.

There are further National Heroes of Namibia without any connection to Heroe's Acre, namely:[21]

  • Niko Bessinger
  • David Moses Meroro

Seven veterans of the Namibian liberation struggle reburied (2014):[22][23]

  • Peter Nanyemba
  • Walde Homateni Timoteus Kaluenya
  • Isak "Pondo" Shikongo
  • Natalia Ndahambelela Shikangala Mavulu
  • Augustus "McNamara" Nghaamwa
  • Putuse Appolus
  • Lineekela Kalenga

Construction controversy

Mansudae Overseas Projects, a company from North Korea, was given a N$60 million contract from Namibia to build the {{convert|732|acre|km2|sing=on}} monument. The contract was awarded without any competitive tendering process, and eventually the construction cost doubled.[2] The non-transparent contracting of foreign manual labour has been criticised by corruption watchdog insight Namibia.[24]

The memorial has been described as "monstrous" and its erection was speculated to "reveal a lack of African self-confidence". The statue of the Unknown Soldier resembles the physical features of Sam Nujoma,[2] Namibia's founding president and ultimately the initiator of its erection.[1]

In May 2005, a report in The Namibian noted that Heroes Acre was "already showing signs of decay". In particular, a bronze statue of a soldier had suffered damage, as had the plinth on which it stood. Some of the gold-coloured letters forming an inscription on the plinth were broken or missing, and the letters were "made of a cement-like substance, which had been painted gold and then glued to the plinth".[25]

See also

  • National Heroes Acre (Zimbabwe)

References

1. ^1 Windhoek City Council: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412023559/http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/default.aspx?page=51 |date=2008-04-12 }} What to see, National Monuments in Windhoek
2. ^1 2 {{cite web |title = Heroes' Acre Monument Namibia |publisher = Namibia-travel.net |url = http://www.namibia-travel.net/southnamibia/heroesacre.htm |accessdate = 8 December 2010 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612023110/http://namibia-travel.net/southnamibia/heroesacre.htm |archivedate = 12 June 2010 |df = }}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/a-central/heroes-acre-2.html|title=Heroes' Acre Namibia Opening Ceremony - inaugural speech|last=Nujoma|first=Sam|authorlink=Sam Nujoma|date=26 August 2002|publisher=via namibia-1on1.com}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newera.com.na/articles/43942/Chief-Kahimemua-Nguvauva---The-Prophetic-anti-Imperialist-Chief-of-the-Ovambaderu--1850--1896-|title=Chief Kahimemua Nguvauva: The Prophetic anti-Imperialist Chief of the Ovambaderu (1850 -1896)|last=Mashuna|first=Timotheus|date=30 March 2012|work=New Era}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, W|last=Dierks|first=Klaus|authorlink=Klaus Dierks|publisher=klausdierks.com|url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_W.htm|accessdate=20 July 2012}}
6. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.klausdierks.com/images/Khauxanas/2.htm|last=Dierks|first=Klaus|authorlink=Klaus Dierks|title=ǁKhauxaǃnas|chapter= Chapter 2: The Rediscovery of ǁKhauxaǃnas|accessdate=8 August 2012}}
7. ^[https://www.jstor.org/pss/2636959 Order out of Chaos: Mandume Ya Ndemufayo and Oral History] by Patrica Hayes in the Journal of Southern African Studies, 19.1, March 1993]
8. ^{{cite web |url = http://209.88.21.36/opencms/opencms/grnnet/OPM/Archives/media/speeches/2009_speeches/modules/news/news_0054.html?uri=/grnnet/OPM/Archives/media/speeches/2009_speeches/index.html |archive-url = https://archive.is/20121129153207/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/opencms/grnnet/OPM/Archives/media/speeches/2009_speeches/modules/news/news_0054.html?uri=/grnnet/OPM/Archives/media/speeches/2009_speeches/index.html |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 29 November 2012 |title = Old location massacre: the spark that ignited the struggle for national independence |last = Angula |first = Nahas |authorlink = Nahas Angula |publisher = Government of Namibia |date = 10 December 2010 |work = Speeches of the Prime Minister}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, K|last=Dierks|first=Klaus|authorlink=Klaus Dierks|publisher=klausdierks.com|url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_K.htm|accessdate=9 August 2012}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, H|last=Dierks|first=Klaus|authorlink=Klaus Dierks|publisher=klausdierks.com|url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_H.htm|accessdate=26 February 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, M|last=Dierks|first=Klaus|authorlink=Klaus Dierks|publisher=klausdierks.com|url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_K.htm|accessdate=29 December 2014}}
12. ^Markus Kooper: Death of a Hero New Era via allafrica.com, 19 December 2005
13. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.umass.edu/cie/off_campus/the_1970s.htm#tjitendero |title = The Decade of the 1970s |publisher = The Center for International Education |accessdate = 19 July 2012 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120702030515/http://www.umass.edu/cie/off_campus/the_1970s.htm#tjitendero |archivedate = 2 July 2012 |df = }}
14. ^Christof Maletzky: Richard Kabajani passes away The Namibian, 21 May 2007
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803200359.html|title=Namibia: Pandeni Was a Born Leader - Iilonga|last=Ekongo|first=John|date=20 March 2008|newspaper=New Era|publisher=via allafrica.com}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Peter Tsheehama: The fighter (1941 to 2010) |last=Sasman |first=Catherine |newspaper=New Era |date=29 October 2010 |url=http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=13824 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316095516/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=13824 |archivedate=March 16, 2012 }}
17. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=39399 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130221043538/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=39399 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 21 February 2013 |title = Nankudhu to be buried at Heroes' Acre |date = 29 June 2011 |newspaper = New Era}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newera.com.na/2013/11/04/matongo-dedicated-disciplined-fearless/|title=Matongo was ‘dedicated, well disciplined and fearless’|last=Haufiku|first=Mathias|date=9 November 2013|newspaper=New Era}}
19. ^{{cite news|title=National hero Intamba to rest|last=Haufiku|first=Mathias|newspaper=New Era|date=22 April 2014|url=http://www.newera.com.na/2014/04/22/national-hero-intamba-rest/}}
20. ^{{Cite news|title=Veii laid to rest|last=Kahiurika|first=Ndanki|newspaper=The Namibian|date=26 February 2015|page=5|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=23781}}
21. ^{{Cite web | title=NamLex Index to the Laws of Namibia | publisher=Legal Assistance Centre | year=2010 | page=122 | accessdate=4 February 2017|url=http://www.lac.org.na/laws/pdf/namlex2010.pdf}}
22. ^[https://www.newera.com.na/2014/07/02/remains-of-heroes-to-be-repatriated/ Remains of heroes to be repatriated]
23. ^Remains of gallant fighters laid to rest at the Shrine of the Heroes' Acres. SWAPO party, retrieved 23 September 2017
24. ^{{cite web|title=The hidden world of public contracting|publisher=insight Namibia|date=March 2008|url=http://www.hsf.org.na/download/TrackerMarch08.pdf|format=pdf}}
25. ^{{cite news | last = Menges | first = Werner | title = Heroes' monument losing battle | publisher = The Namibian | date = 6 May 2005 | url = http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=16089&page_type=archive_story_detail&page=5874}}
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9 : Buildings and structures in Windhoek|Buildings and structures completed in 2002|Mansudae Overseas Projects|Military history of Namibia|Military of Namibia|National heroes of Namibia|Cemeteries in Namibia|Monuments and memorials in Namibia|2002 establishments in Namibia
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