| 释义 |
- See also
- References
- External links
{{No footnotes|date=June 2011}}The heroic theory of invention and scientific development is the hypothesis that the principal authors of inventions and scientific discoveries are unique heroic individuals{{spaced ndash}} "great scientists" or "geniuses." A competing hypothesis ("multiple discovery") is that most inventions and scientific discoveries are made independently and simultaneously by multiple inventors and scientists. The multiple discovery hypothesis might be especially relevant in the development of mathematics since mathematical knowledge is highly unified and any advances that happen need to be built from previously established results through a process of deduction, as a general rule. For instance, the development of infinitesimal calculus into a systematic discipline did not occur until the development of analytic geometry, the former being credited to both Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz and the latter to both René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat. See also- Scientific priority
- Genius
- Great man theory
- Hive mind
- List of multiple discoveries
- Multiple discovery
- People known as the father or mother of something
- Scientific theory
References{{refbegin}}- Hypothesis and experiment in the early development of Kekuleacute's Benzene theory Alan J. Rocke, Annals of Science, Volume 42, Issue 4 July 1985, pages 355 - 381
- [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1884619 Industrial Invention: Heroic, or Systematic?] - Ralph C. Epstein, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Feb., 1926), pp. 232–272
- [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2089193 Priorities in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science] Robert K. Merton, American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, No. 6, 635-659. Dec., 1957.
- [https://www.jstor.org/pss/985546 Singletons and Multiples in Scientific Discovery: A Chapter in the Sociology of Science] Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 105, No. 5, The Influence of Science upon Modern Culture, Conference Commemorating the 400th Anniversary of the Birth of Francis Bacon (Oct. 13, 1961), pp. 470–486
- [https://archive.today/20130105081158/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/71007238/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Business strategies for sustainable profits: systems thinking in practice] - William K. Shireman, Global Futures - The Future 500
- The Medici Effect: What Elephants and Epidemics Can Teach Us About Innovation - Frans Johansson. {{ISBN|1-4221-0282-3}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512050604/http://apperceptual.wordpress.com/2007/01/15/the-heroic-theory-of-scientific-development/ Apperceptual: The Heroic Theory of Scientific Development], Peter Turney, January 15, 2007
{{refend}}External links- http://www.philsci.com/book2-2.htm
- http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/05/12/080512fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all
{{science-philo-stub}} 4 : History of scientific method|Heuristics|Theories of history|Innovation |