| 词条 | Himalayan salt |
| 释义 |
Himalayan salt is rock salt (halite) from the Punjab, Pakistan. The salt often has a pinkish tint due to mineral impurities. It is primarily used as a food additive as table salt, but is also used as a material for cooking and food presentation, decorative lamps, and spa treatments. The salt has been claimed to provide numerous health benefits, but no scientific support exists for such claims. GeologyHimalayan salt is mined from the Salt Range mountains,[1] the southern edge of a fold-and-thrust belt that underlies the Pothohar Plateau south of the Himalayas. Himalayan salt comes from a highly folded, faulted, and stretched thick layer of Ediacaran to early Cambrian evaporites of the Salt Range Formation. This geological formation consists of crystalline halite intercalated with potash salts, overlayed by gypsiferous marl and interlayered beds of gypsum and dolomite with infrequent seams of oil shale. These strata and the overlying Cambrian to Eocene sedimentary rocks have been thrust southward over younger sedimentary rocks and eroded to create the Salt Range. Although Himalayan salt is sometimes marketed as "Jurassic Sea Salt", this salt precipitated in subsiding rift basins along the edge of Gondwanaland much earlier, between 600 and 540 million years ago.[2][3][4] The Jurassic period took place 145 to 199 million years ago. [5] HistoryThe first records of mining are from the Janjua people in the 1200s.[6] Himalayan salt is mostly mined at the Khewra Salt Mine in Khewra, Jhelum District, Punjab, which is situated in the foothills of the Salt Range hill system in the Punjab province of the Pakistan to the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[1][7] Mineral compositionHimalayan salt is chemically similar to table salt. Some salts mined in the Himalayas are not suitable for use as food or industrial use without purification due to impurities.[1] Some salt crystals from this region have an off-white to transparent color, while impurities in some veins of salt give it a pink, reddish, or beet-red color.[8][9] According to one estimate, Himalayan salt is 98% sodium chloride, with negligible levels of minerals such as magnesium, potassium and calcium.[10] Himalayan salt is nutritionally similar to table salt,[11] though it lacks the beneficial iodine added to commercial iodised table salt.[10] UsesHimalayan salt is used to flavor food. It is recognized by its distinctive pink hue, which has led to a misconception that it is healthier than common table salt.[11][12] There is no scientific evidence to support such assertions.[12][13][14][15] Blocks of salt are also used as serving dishes, baking stones, and griddles.[16] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration warned a manufacturer about marketing the salt as a dietary supplement with unproven claims of health benefits.[17] Himalayan salt is also used to make "salt lamps", wherein light bulbs are placed within hollowed blocks of Himalayan salt, that give off a pinkish hue.[18] There is no evidence that such lamps provide any health benefits.[11][19][20] Himalayan salt is also used in spas, where it is used to line the walls of the chamber. There is no scientific evidence that such spa treatments have any health benefit.[11] See also{{Portal|Food|Pakistan}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=Qazi Muhammad Sharif |author2=Mumtaz Hussain |author3=Muhammad Tahir Hussain |date=December 2007 |title=Chemical Evaluation of Major Salt Deposits of Pakistan |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan |volume=29 |issue=26 |pages=570–571 |publisher=Chemical Society of Pakistan |editor1=Viqar Uddin Ahmad |editor2=Muhammad Raza Shah |url=http://jcsp.org.pk/ArticleUpload/1249-5588-1-RV.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306102656/http://jcsp.org.pk/articleupload/1249-5588-1-rv.pdf |deadurl=no |archivedate=March 6, 2016 |accessdate=September 3, 2017 |df= }} 2. ^Jaumé, S.C. and Lillie, R.J., 1988. Mechanics of the Salt Range‐Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold‐and‐thrust belt underlain by evaporites. Tectonics, 7(1), pp.57-71. 3. ^Grelaud, S., Sassi, W., de Lamotte, D.F., Jaswal, T. and Roure, F., 2002. Kinematics of eastern Salt Range and South Potwar basin (Pakistan): a new scenario. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19(9), pp.1127-1139. 4. ^Richards, L., King, R.C., Collins, A.S., Sayab, M., Khan, M.A., Haneef, M., Morley, C.K. and Warren, J., 2015. Macrostructures vs microstructures in evaporite detachments: An example from the Salt Range, Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 113, pp.922-934. 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/jurassic/|title=Jurassic Period Information and Facts|date=2017-01-06|website=Science & Innovation|access-date=2019-01-27}} 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Maurer|first1=Hermann|title=Khewra Salt Mines|url=https://global-geography.org/af/Geography/Asia/Pakistan/Special_Information/Khewra_Salt_Mines|publisher=Global Geography|accessdate=11 August 2017|language=en|date=2016}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Weller |first1=J. Marvyn |title=The Cenozoic History of the Northwest Punjab, in The Journal of Geology, Vol. 36, No. 4 (May–June 1928), pp. 362–375 |journal=The Journal of Geology |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=362–375 |publisher=Chicago Journals |jstor=30055696 |year=1928 |doi=10.1086/623522 }} 8. ^{{cite web |title=Salt Mines |website=Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation |url=http://www.pmdc.gov.pk/?p=KhewraSaltMines |accessdate=August 13, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813115525/http://www.pmdc.gov.pk/?p=KhewraSaltMines |archivedate=August 13, 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/salt2.htm |title=How Salt Works |last1=Freeman |first1=Shanna |publisher=HowStuffWorks |accessdate=October 20, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721024605/http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/salt2.htm |archivedate=July 21, 2017}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/arts-portal/food-and-wine/himalayan-salt-benefits-of-staying-in-the-pink-11780528|title=Himalayan salt: Benefits of staying in the pink|author=Sipokazi Fokazi|date=30 October 2017|publisher=Independent Media, South Africa|accessdate=29 September 2018}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|author=Alexandra Sifferlin|title=Does Pink Himalayan Salt Have Any Health Benefits?|publisher=Time|date=28 June 2017|url=http://time.com/4834865/himalayan-pink-salt-benefits/|accessdate=23 December 2018}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|author=Mull, Amanda|title=How Pink Salt Took Over Millennial Kitchens|publisher=The Atlantic|date=5 December 2018|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/12/himalayan-pink-salt-in-your-kitchen/577390/|accessdate=23 December 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=David Avocado's Himalayan Salt Debunked |url=https://badscidebunked.wordpress.com/2016/01/18/your-worst-day-ever-david-avocados-himalayan-salt-debunked/ |date=January 18, 2016 |website=Bad Science Debunked |accessdate=July 20, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721032712/https://badscidebunked.wordpress.com/2016/01/18/your-worst-day-ever-david-avocados-himalayan-salt-debunked/ |archivedate=July 21, 2017}} 14. ^{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Harriet|title=Pass the Salt (But Not That Pink Himalayan Stuff) |journal=Science-Based Medicine |date=19 August 2014 |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/pass-the-salt-but-not-that-pink-himalayan-stuff/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813120929/https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/pass-the-salt-but-not-that-pink-himalayan-stuff/ |archivedate=August 13, 2017}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/arts-portal/food-and-wine/himalayan-salt-benefits-of-staying-in-the-pink-11780528|title=Himalayan salt: Benefits of staying in the pink|author=Sipokazi Fokazi|date=30 October 2017|publisher=Independent Media, South Africa|accessdate=29 September 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web |last1=Bitterman |first1=Mark |title=Safe Heating and Washing Tips for Your Himalayan Salt Block. |url=http://www.saltnews.com/heating-using-cleaning-storing-your-himalayan-salt-block/ |publisher=Salt News |date=January 30, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813121205/http://www.saltnews.com/heating-using-cleaning-storing-your-himalayan-salt-block/ |archivedate=August 13, 2017}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations - Herbs of Light, Inc. 6/18/13 |url=https://www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/2013/ucm359315.htm |publisher=Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |accessdate=July 7, 2018}} 18. ^{{cite news|title=Everything you need to know about buying Himalayan salt lamps|author=Banu Ibrahim|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/24/cnn-underscored/himalayan-pink-salt-lamp-shop/index.html}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.acsh.org/news/2018/01/24/pseudoscience-everywhere-even-gift-shop-american-museum-natural-history-12280|title=Pseudoscience Is Everywhere - Even The Gift Shop Of The American Museum Of Natural History|publisher=The American Council on Science and Health|author=Julianna LeMieux|date=24 January 2018|accessdate=29 September 2018 }} 20. ^{{cite web |title=Do Salt Lamps Provide Multiple Health Benefits?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/salt-lamps-cure-everything/ |website=Snopes.com |accessdate=April 8, 2018 |date=April 8, 2018}} External links{{Commons category multi|Himalayan salt|Salt crystal lanterns|Salt}}
3 : Edible salt|Pseudoscience|Salt industry in Pakistan |
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