| 词条 | Hisham Ikhtiyar |
| 释义 |
| name= Hisham Ikhtiyar | image= | caption= | birth_date= 1941 | birth_place= Damascus, Syria | death_date=20 July {{death year and age|2012|1941}} | death_place= Damascus, Syria |office = National Security Bureau of the Regional Command | 1blankname = Regional Secretary | 1namedata = Bashar al-Assad |term_start = 9 June 2005 |term_end = 18 July 2012 |predecessor = Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan |successor = Ali Mamlouk |office1 = Member of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch |term_start1 = 9 June 2005 |term_end1 = 8 July 2013 | rank= Major General | nationality= Syrian | religion= Sunni Islam }}Major General Hisham Ikhtiyar ({{lang-ar|هشام اختيار}}) (1941 – 20 July 2012) (family name also transliterated as Ikhtiar, Bakhtiar, Bekhityar, Bekhtyar and other variants) was a Syrian military official, and a national security adviser to president Bashar al-Assad.[1] Early lifeHisham Ikhtiyar was born to a Sunni family in Damascus in 1941.[2][2] CareerIkhtiyar was director of the general security directorate from 2001 to 2005.[3][4] He was one of the effective Syrian officers, who monitored and repressed the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria.[5] Then he was appointed head of Syria’s general intelligence directorate.[6] In addition, he was an advisor to Syrian president Bashar Assad.[6] He was appointed director of the Ba'ath Party regional command's national security bureau (NSB) in 2005.[7][8][9] ControversyIkhtiyar was regarded as a part of Assad's inner circle.[10] In 2006, the United States Treasury Department announced that American citizens and organizations were forbidden from engaging in any transactions with Ikhtiyar, for "significantly contributing to the Syrian Government's support for designated terrorist organizations,",[11] and in 2007, Ikhtiyar was included on a list of Syrians forbidden to enter American territory.[12] Gen Ikhtiar was reportedly charged with quelling the initial pro-democracy protests in Deraa. The brutal crackdown launched by the security services in the southern city helped trigger the recent nationwide unrest. In May 2011, the US treasury department and the European Union imposed sanctions on the National Security Bureau, saying it had directed Syrian security forces to use extreme force against demonstrators.[13] Rumoured deathOn 19 May 2012, the Free Syrian Army's (FSA) Damascus council announced that one of their operatives from the FSA's Al Sahabeh battalion had successfully poisoned all eight members of Bashar Assad's Crisis Cell, a group of top military officials who run the Syrian army's daily operations. The Free Syrian Army's Damascus council said they believed at least six out of the eight members, including Hasan Turkmani, Assef Shawkat, Mohammad al-Shaar, Daoud Rajha, Hisham Ikhtiyar and Mohammad Said Bakhtian, to have been killed. Mohammad al-Shaar, then interior minister, and Hasan Turkmani, then assistant vice president, denied their own deaths to State TV, calling it "categorically baseless".[14][15] DeathIkhtiyar was wounded in the 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing.[16][17] On 20 July 2012, Syrian state television announced that he had died from his injuries.[18] References1. ^A hint of glasnost for Syria at the Asia Times, by Sami Moubayed, 22 June 2005 {{Ba'ath Party}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ikhtiyar, Hisham}}2. ^{{cite journal|last=Gambill|first=Gary|title=The Military Intelligence Shakeup in Syria|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=February 2002|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0202_s1.htm|accessdate=20 July 2012}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Fahim|first=Kareem|title=Profiles of Syrian Officials Targeted in Damascus Blast|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 July 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/world/middleeast/profiles-of-syrian-officials-targeted-in-damascus-blast.html|accessdate=8 March 2013}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last=Haddad|first=Bassam|title=Left to its Domestic Devices: How the Syrian Regime Boxed Itself In|journal=Area: Mediterranean & Arab World|date=2005|volume=43|url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/218/Haddad218.pdf|accessdate=12 March 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195155/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/218/Haddad218.pdf|archivedate=29 October 2013|df=}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=New members of the Ba'ath Party Regional Command|url=https://wikileaks.org/cable/2005/12/05DAMASCUS6394.html|accessdate=25 March 2013|newspaper=Wikileaks|date=8 December 2005}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=Against all neighbors|url=http://www.gloria-center.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Chapter-4-Against-All-Neighbors.pdf|publisher=Gloria Center|accessdate=15 January 2013}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=Hisham Ikhtiar, director of the National Security Bureau (NSB)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18889030|accessdate=20 June 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=2012}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=By All Means Necessary!|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1211webwcover_0.pdf|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=21 July 2012|date=December 2011}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Robert G. Rabil|title=Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M18Jj0bMMl0C&pg=PA193|accessdate=8 March 2013|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99015-2|pages=191}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Bashar al-Assad's inner circle|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13216195|accessdate=20 July 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=20 July 2012}} 11. ^Treasury Designates Two Syrian Officials {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072158/http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/hp60.htm |date=2010-05-28 }} at the United States Treasury Department, 15 August 2006 12. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN29362401 Bush bans US entry by Syrians with Lebanon links] at Reuters, 25 June 2007 13. ^1 {{cite web|title=List of persons and entities referred to in articles 3 and 4|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:164:0020:0021:EN:PDF|publisher=Official Journal of the European Union|accessdate=20 July 2012|date=24 June 2011}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Six senior figures in Assad regime killed, rebel army says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/20/syria-damascus-clashes-assassinations#block-12|accessdate=19 July 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=May 2012}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=High-ranking Syrian officials deny reports of their own assassinations|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/20/215270.html|accessdate=19 July 2012|newspaper=Al Arabiya|date=20 May 2012}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rt.com/news/damascus-suicide-government-wounded-458/|title=Syria's top security ministers slain in Damascus bombing|publisher=Russia Today|date=18 July 2012|accessdate=18 July 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/364294/20120718/assef-shawkat-assad-brother-law-daoud-rajiha.htm|title=Syria Civil War: Assad Brother-in-Law Assef Shawkat Killed in Damascus Suicide Bombing|publisher=International Business Times|date=18 July 2012|accessdate=18 July 2012|author=Gianluca Mezzofiore|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720081430/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/364294/20120718/assef-shawkat-assad-brother-law-daoud-rajiha.htm|archivedate=20 July 2012|df=}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18920733|title=Syria blast: Security chief Ikhtiar dies from wounds|publisher=BBC News|date=20 July 2012|accessdate=20 July 2012}} 11 : 1941 births|2012 deaths|People from Damascus|Syrian Sunni Muslims|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians|Syrian generals|Military personnel killed in the Syrian Civil War|Assassinated Syrian politicians|Deaths by explosive device|Terrorism deaths in Syria|Assassinated military personnel |
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