| 词条 | Historia animalium (Gessner) |
| 释义 |
OverviewThe Historia animalium was Gessner's magnum opus, and was the most widely read of all the Renaissance natural histories. The generously illustrated work was so popular that Gessner's abridgement, Thierbuch ("Animal Book"), was published in Zurich in 1563, and in England Edward Topsell translated and condensed it as a Historie of foure-footed beastes (London: William Jaggard, 1607).[1] Gessner’s monumental work attempts to build a connection between the ancient knowledge of the animal world, its title the same as Aristotle's work on animals, and what was known at his time. He then adds his own observations, and those of his correspondents, in an attempt to formulate a comprehensive description of the natural history of animals.[2] Gessner’s Historia animalium is based on classical sources. It is compiled from ancient and medieval texts, including the inherited knowledge of ancient naturalists like Aristotle, Pliny the Elder,[1] and Aelian.[2] Gessner was known as "the Swiss Pliny."[3] For information he relied heavily on the Physiologus.[3] In his larger works Gessner sought to distinguish fact from myth and popular misconceptions,{{sfn|Pettitt|2014}} and so his encyclopedic work included both extinct creatures and newly discovered animals of the East Indies, those of the far north and animals brought back from the New World. The work included extensive information on mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. It described in detail their daily habits and movements. It also included their uses in medicine and nutrition.[1] Historia animalium showed the animals' places in history, literature and art. Sections of each chapter detailed the animal and its attributes, in the tradition of the emblem book. Gessner's work included facts in different languages such as the names of the animals.[9]Contents
IllustrationsThe colored woodcut illustrations were the first real attempts to represent animals in their natural environment. It is the first book to illustrate fossils.[4][5] Gessner acknowledges one of his main illustrators was Lucas Schan,[6] an artist from Strasbourg. He likely used other illustrators as well as himself;[3] the book is however famous for copying illustrations from other sources, including Durer's Rhinoceros from a well-known woodcut.[2] Gessner's natural history was unusual for sixteenth century readers in providing illustrations.[3] CensorshipThere was extreme religious tension at the time Historia animalium came out. Under Pope Paul IV it was felt that the religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writings,[7] and as Gessner was a Protestant, it was added to the Catholic Church's list of prohibited books.[3] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/old_site/deptserv/rarebooks/gesner.html |title=Featured book archive: Historia animalium libri I-IV. Cum iconibus. Lib. I. De quadrupedibus uiuiparis. Zurich: C. Froschauer, 1551. N*.1.19(A)| publisher=Cambridge University Library |accessdate=29 November 2014}} 2. ^1 2 Huxley, 2007. Pages 71–75 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url= http://www.strangescience.net/Gessner.htm|title= Conran Gessner biography|accessdate= 2008-09-17}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^1 Anzovin, p. 366 item 5210 The first fossil illustrations were contained in the Historia animalium, published in 1551 by Swiss physician and naturalist Conrad von Gessner. 5. ^Tallack, Peter, The Science Book, Sterling Publishing Company, 2006, {{ISBN|1-84188-254-2}}, p. 46 Gessner’s classical training taught him to give pride of place to naming and classifying the fossils he described. Most importantly, he was concerned with precise identification. His book was the first to present fossil illustrations so students may more easily recognize objects that cannot be very clearly described in words. 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Kusukawa |first1=S. |title=The sources of Gessner’s pictures for the Historia animalium |journal=Annals of Science |date=July 2010 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=303–328 |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/128/1286404337.pdf |doi=10.1080/00033790.2010.488899}} 7. ^Schmitt, p. 46, Bibliography{{refbegin|30em}}
External links{{Commonscat|Historiae Animalium}}
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