| 词条 | Historical Far Left | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Historical Far Left | native_name = Estrema Sinistra Storica | colorcode = {{Historical Far-Left/meta/color}} | leader1_title = HLeaders | leader1_name = Agostino Bertani Felice Cavallotti Andrea Costa Filippo Turati Ettore Sacchi | foundation = {{start date|1867|11|4|df=y}} | dissolution = {{end date|1904|5|27|df=y}} | predecessor = Action Party | successor = Radical Party | headquarters = Palazzo Montecitorio, Rome | ideology = Republicanism Progressivism Radicalism Socialism | position = Far-left | colours = {{color box|{{Historical Far-Left/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Dark green | country = Italy }} The Historical Far Left ({{lang-it|Estrema Sinistra Storica}}), originally known as Far Left ({{lang-it|Estrema Sinistra}}), Radical Extreme ({{lang-it|Estrema Radicale}}), simply The Extreme ({{lang-it|L'Estrema}}), or Party of Democracy ({{lang-it|Partito della Democrazia}}), was a parliamentary group and coalition of Radical, Republican and Socialist politicians in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. Formerly known as the extreme wing of the Historical Left before the unification of Italy, it became a separate group when the more moderate branch of the Left accepted the leadership of the House of Savoy to build the new Italian state. HistoryThe Historical Far Left was founded in 1877 by Agostino Bertani and Felice Cavallotti as a radical-liberal party. In 1882, the Radicals formed a far-left parliamentary group with Andrea Costa, the first Socialist to be elected to the Italian Parliament. The party supported complete separation of church and state, decentralization toward municipal governments, the United States of Europe according to Carlo Cattaneo's beliefs, progressive taxation, an independent judiciary, free and compulsory education for children, universal suffrage, women's and workers' rights while opposing capital punishment as well as any kind of protectionism, nationalism, imperialism and colonialism.[1][2][3] The Extreme was mainly formed by three groups:
The Historical Far Left, supporting the republic and consequently the abrogation of the Albertine Statute, was seen as an anticonstitutional movement.[4] Under the oligarchic electoral law of newly unified Italy, there were no possibilities for The Extreme to enter the Italian Parliament, except for some national heroes such as Giuseppe Garibaldi.[5] The electoral reform of 1882 allowed the possibility to form a small opposition parliamentary group, but only after the introduction of the universal suffrage in 1913 did The Extreme become the dominant left-wing party of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and the winning coalition in many municipal and provincial elections in Northern Italy.[6] The Historical Far Left emerged as an important parliamentary force when the progressive Historical Left overthrew Marco Minghetti's government during the so-called Parliamentary Revolution of 1876, which brought Agostino Depretis to become Prime Minister. However, Depretis immediately began to look for support among the Right Members of Parliament, who readily changed their positions, in a context of widespread corruption. This phenomenon, known in Italian as trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as "transformism"—in a satirical newspaper, Prime Minister Depretis was depicted as a chameleon), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until after World War I.[7] Important membersImportant leaders and members of the Historical Far Left were Agostino Bertani, Andrea Costa, Filippo Turati, Napoleone Colajanni, Francesco Saverio Nitti, Giovanni Bovio, Giovanni Cantoni, Felice Cavallotti, Enrico Ferri, Ernesto Nathan and Ettore Sacchi. Electoral results
References1. ^Francesco Leoni (2001). Storia dei partiti politici italiani. Guida: Naples. {{19th-century Italian political groups}}2. ^Massimo L. Salvadori (2000). Enciclopedia storica. Zanichelli: Bologna. 3. ^David Busato (1996). Il Partito Radicale in Italia da Mario Pannunzio a Marco Pannella. 4. ^La Stampa historical archive. 5. ^"L'Estrema Sinistra e il movimento Garibaldino di fronte alla crisi d'Oriente del 1875-1878" (PDF). 6. ^Including Milan and Bologna. 7. ^"Italian Liberal Party". Britannica Concise. 8 : 1861 establishments in Italy|1919 disestablishments in Italy|Defunct socialist parties in Italy|Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Political parties disestablished in 1919|Political parties established in 1861|Radical parties in Italy|Republican parties |
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