“History of Białystok”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries, during which time the fate of the city has passed between various political and economic forces.

From surviving documentation we know that around 1437, a representative of the family Raczków, Jakub Tabutowicz with the coat of arms of Łabędź, received from Michael Žygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Duke of Lithuania, a wilderness area located along the river Biała that marked the beginning of Białystok as a settlement.^[1]^[2]

During the years 1617–1626, the first brick church and a beautiful castle, on a rectangular plan with two floors, in the Gothic-Renaissance style, was built by Job Bretfus. Extension of the castle continued by Krzysztof Wiesiołowski, since 1635 Grand Marshal of Lithuania and the owner of several administrative and royal and married Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska. In 1637 he died childless, thus Bialystok came under the management of his widow. After her death in 1645 the Wiesiołowskis estate, including Białystok, passed to the Commonwealth, to maintain Tykocin Castle. In the years 1645–1659 Bialystok was managed by governors of Tykocin. It was then a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.^[3]^[4]

In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes. Four years later, as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra who married Jan Klemens Branicki, thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family.^[5]^[6] In 1692 Stefan Mikołaj Branicki, the son of Jan Klemens Branicki (Marshal of the Crown Court), obtained the rights to the city of Białystok from King John III Sobieski and built Branicki Palace in the city on the foundations of former defensive castle of Wiesiołowskis' family.^[7] In the second half of the 18th century the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki.^[1] It was he who transformed the previously existing palace built by his father into the magnificent residence of a great noble.^[8]^[9]

At the end of the 19th century, the majority of the city's population was Jewish. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (so around 63%).^[10] This heritage can be viewed on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Bialystok.^[11]

From the very beginning, the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non-German population during World War II. The 56,000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto.^[12] On 15 August 1943, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began, and several hundred Polish Jews and members of the Anti-Fascist Military Organisation ({{lang-pl|Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa}}) started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto.^[13]^[14]

Over the course of the last 200 years, the city has been the capital of numerous administrative divisions of a number of countries or occupying powers;

Białystok was, from 1945 until 1975, the capital city of the Białystok Voivodeship.^[27] After the 1975 administrative reorganization of the People's Republic of Poland, the city was the capital of the smaller Białystok Voivodeship which lasted until 1998.^[28]

Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Republic of Poland.^[28]

Prehistory and Protohistory

Archaeological discoveries show that the first people settled on the territory of the present Bialystok already in the Stone Age. Tombs of ancient settlers found in the district Pieczurki, Dojlidy and in some other parts of the city.^[29]

In the early Iron Age a mix of Prussians, Yotvingians and population Wielbark culture, after which the remaining kurgan – probably the tombs of the chiefs in the area in the village Rostołty.^[30]

Since then, the Białystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures. Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia-Ruthenian-Polish cultural characteristics.^[30]

Middle Ages

From surviving documentation we know that around 1437, a representative of the family Raczków, Jakub Tabutowicz with the coat of arms of Łabędź, received from Michael Žygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Duke of Lithuania, wilderness areas located along the river called the Biała River.^[31]

Jakub Raczków divided the land between his four sons: Nicholas, John, Wenceslas and Jundziłła. Nicholas inherited the estate in 1462 in Bialystok and erected a mansion near the current location of the Branicki Palace. After the year 1479 Bialystok took good son Nicholas, Nicholas is also known as Bachelor, because he studied at Cracow Academy. He was secretary to King Alexander Jagiello and a member of the Privy Council.

Early Modern era

Wiesiołowski Estate (1514–1661)

It is precisely for these times comes the first written reference (1514), listing the good of Bialystok. Bachelor's son Nicholas, Nicholas Bakałarzewicz, realized in 1524, his wife Catherine Wołłowiczówna, Bogorya coat of arms. After his death in 1547, according to the good will of the deceased Catherine has inherited. In the same year his widow, Catherine Wołłowiczówna, married again to Peter Wiesiołowski (Ogończyk coat of arms) – a courtier of the Polish kings: King Sigismund the Old and Sigismund Augustus. He started in Bialystok on the borderlands of Lithuania and Polish residence. After his death in 1556, took a good Bialystok sons: Peter and John Wiesiołowski. However, after the death of the latter in 1570 became the property of Bialystok Peter Wiesiołowski (the Younger). In 1579 he married Zofią Lubomirską.

In his time began the development of Bialystok. In 1581, the parish church next to the existing Peter Wiesiołowski funded school for children. In addition, built in the years 1617–1626, the first brick church and the beautiful castle on a rectangular plan, two floors, the Gothic-Renaissance style built by Job Bretfus. Extension office continued by his son Krzysztof Wiesiołowski, since 1635 Grand Marshal of Lithuania and the owner of several administrative and royal and married Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska.^[32] In 1637 he died childless, thus Bialystok came under the management of his widow. After her death in 1645 the Wiesiołowskis estate, including Białystok, passed to the Commonwealth, to maintain the castle in Tykocin. In the years 1645–1659 Bialystok managed by governors of Tykocin.^[33]

Branicki Estate (1661–1802)

In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes.^[34]^[35] Four years later, as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra who married Jan Klemens Branicki, thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family.

In 1692 Stefan Mikołaj Branicki, the son of Jan Klemens Branicki, obtained the rights to the city of Białystok from King John III Sobieski and built Branicki Palace in the city on the foundations of former defensive castle of Wiesiołowskis' family.^[36] The project's author is a prominent architect: Tylman of Gameren.^[36] In the second half of the 18th century the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki. It was he who transformed the previously existing palace built by his father into the magnificent residence of a great noble.^[37]^[38] Numerous artists and scientists came to Białystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage. In 1745 Branicki established a Poland's first military college, School of Civil and Military Engineering and a theatre in the city. On 19 November 1748 marries Izabella Poniatowska as his third wife Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki. Białystok received its city charter on 1 February 1749 from King Augustus III .

Modern Era

New East Prussia Province (1795–1807)

Belostok Oblast (1807–1842)

During the period of Russian control the city was the capital of the Belostok Oblast, from 1807–1842.

Belostok Province (1842–1914)

During the period of Russian control the city was the capital of the Belostok Oblast, from 1807–1842, afterward it was a provincial capital within the Grodno Governorate.

During the 19th century the city became a major center of textile industry. Due to an industrial boom the population grew from 13,787 in 1857, and 56,629 in 1889, to 65,781 in 1901.

The first Anarchist groups to attract a significant following of Russian workers or peasants, were the Anarcho-Communist Chernoe-Znamia groups, founded in Białystok in 1903.^[40]^[41] Their ranks included mostly students, factory workers and artisans, though there were also peasants, unemployed laborers, drifters, and self-professed Nietzschean supermen.^[41] They drew their support mainly from the impoverished and persecuted working-class Jews of the "Pale"-the places on the Western borders of the Russian Empire where Jews were "allowed" to live.^[42]

During the 1905 Russian Revolution the city was a center of the radical labor movement, with strong organizations of the General Jewish Labour Bund and the Polish Socialist Party as well as the more radical anarchists of the Chernoe-Znamia (Black Banner) association.

The Białystok pogrom occurred between 14–16 June 1906 in the city. During the pogrom between 81 and 88 people were killed, and about 80 people were wounded.^[43]^[44]^[45]

World War I / Polish-Soviet War (1914–1920)

After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the first heavy bombing of the town took place on 20 April 1915. On 13 August 1915 German soldiers appeared in Białystok. The city was included in the Ober Ost occupational region as the capital of the Bialystok-Grodno District.^[18]^[46] On 18 March 1918 it was declared part of the Belarusian National Republic^[47] until 19 February 1919 when the city was taken by Poland.^[48]

In 1920, when overrun by Soviet forces during the Polish-Soviet War, it briefly served as headquarters of the Polish Revolutionary Committee headed by Julian Marchlewski, which attempted to declare the Polish Soviet Socialist Republic.^[49]^[50]

The Peace of Riga, signed 18 March 1921, formally included the city in the Second Polish Republic.

Second Polish Republic (1920–1939)

In the years 1920–1939, the city was part of the Second Polish Republic as the seat of the Białystok Voivodeship. The city, whose population reached 107,000 in 1939, was the Voivodeship's lone industrial center.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VP9a7yBnvc Jewish Life in Bialystok], is a rare documentary, produced in 1939 by Shaul and Yitzhak Goskind of the Warsaw-based Sektor Films, into the people, communities and institutions of Białystok just prior to the start of World War II. Images of smokestacks, power looms, and textile workers; downtown shops and buses, market day with peasants and horses; schools, synagogues, the Sholem Aleichem Library, the TOZ sanatorium, and a community-run summer camp reflect the diversity of the city's 200-year-old Jewish community. In addition to the tile-roofed home of Dr. Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto, Jewish Life in Białystok features memorable images of a spacious park where young adults relax and children play.^[51]

A rare silent 16mm color Kodachrome film [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2c9ecyiqnyo of the Jewish Quarter of the city] by Dr. Benjamin Gasul gives an insight into everyday life in July 1939.^[52]

The Torah education system in Białystok during the 1930s was unique in that the Cheder and the Mesivta Yeshiva were both in the same city and under the same educational system. Most other cities only had a cheder.^[53]

According to the Polish national census of 1921, there were around 1 million Belarusians in the country. There are historians, however, who estimate the number of Belarusians in Poland at that time to be 1.7 million{{ref|Żarnowski}} or even up to 2 million.{{ref|Mironowicz-2}}

In the 1921–1926 period Poland did not have a consistent policy towards its ethnic minorities. Belarusian schools, not being subsidised by the Polish government, were facing severe financial problems by 1921.

World War II (1939–1945)

In September 1939, Białystok was occupied by the German army, but then passed on to the Soviet Union with respect to the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact,^[54] when it was annexed into the Byelorussian SSR.

On 22 October 1939, less than two weeks after the invasion, the Soviet occupation administration organized elections into a National assembly of West Belarus ({{lang-be|Народны сход Заходняй Беларусі}}). The Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus took place under control of NKVD and the Communist Party. On 30 October the National Assembly session held in Belastok passed the decision of West Belarus joining the USSR and its unification with the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. These petitions were officially accepted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 November and by the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR on 12 November.^[55] The Belastok Voblast with the center in Belastok was created in 1939.

After entering the Soviet Union, thousands of ethnic Poles, Belarusians and Jews, were forcibly deported to Siberia by the NKVD, which resulted in over 100,000 people deported to eastern parts of the USSR.^[56] Among the deported Poles were civil servants, judges, police officers, professional army officers, factory owners, landlords, political activists, leaders of cultural, educational and religious organizations, and other activists in the community. All of them were dubbed enemies of the people.^[57]

Polish resistance against the Soviets in the area of Bialystok (especially along the swampy Biebrza river) began immediately after the September Campaign and in mid-1940 there were conspiratorial organizations in 161 towns and villages in the future area of Bezirk Bialystok.^[58] Skirmishes with the NKVD were common, mostly around Jedwabne, where the anti-Soviet feelings were the strongest.

In the aftermath of the June 1941 Battle of Białystok–Minsk, part of the German attack on the Soviet Union, Białystok was placed under German Civilian Occupation (Zivilverwaltungsgebiet) as Bezirk Bialystok. The area was under German rule from 1941 to 1944/45, without ever formally being incorporated into the German Reich.

It has been established that at the beginning on 22 June 1941 the withdrawing Soviet troops, that were forced out by the German army, committed regular crimes against the inhabitants of Białystok and its area.^[59] Civilians who happened to be in the vicinity of the passing Soviet troops were shot dead. There were cases of the whole families being dragged out of their houses and executed by firing squads in Białystok and the areas surrounding.^[59]

On the morning of 27 June 1941, troops from Police Battalion 309 of the Order Police^[60] surrounded the town square by the Great Synagogue, the largest wooden synagogue in Eastern Europe, and forced residents from their homes into the street. Some were shoved up against building walls and shot dead. Others– some 800 men, women and children– were locked in the synagogue, which was subsequently set on fire; there they were burned to death. The Nazi onslaught continued with the demolition of numerous homes and further shootings. As the flames from the synagogue spread and merged with the grenade fires, the entire square was engulfed. Some 3,000 Jews lost their lives that day (27 June 1941), out of an estimated population of 50,000 Jews living in the city at that time.^[61]

As the years went by, German terror in Bezirk Bialystok worsened and most atrocities on civilian population were committed by German units and police from neighboring East Prussia.^[62]

In July 1943 the Uderzeniowe Bataliony Kadrowe (UBK) units, active in Bezirk Bialystok, consisted of five Battalions. Altogether, there were 200 fighters, and during a number of skirmishes with the Germans (including the Raid on Mittenheide in 1943), 138 of them were killed. These heavy losses were criticized by the headquarters of the Home Army, who claimed that the UBK was profusely using lives of young Polish soldiers. On 17 August 1943, upon the order of General Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski, the UBK was included into the Home Army. Soon afterwards, all battalions were transferred to the area of Nowogrodek.

From the very beginning, the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non-German population. The 56,000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto, which during August 1943 was removed.

In the last year of the occupation, a clandestine upper Commercial School came into existence. The pupils of the school also took part in the underground resistance movement. As a result, some of them were jailed, some killed and others deported to Nazi concentration camps.

A number of anti-fascist groups came into existence in Białystok during the first weeks of the occupation. In the following years, there developed a well-organized resistance movement.

On 15 August 1943, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began, and several hundred Polish Jews and members of the Anti-Fascist Military Organisation ({{lang-pl|Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa}}) started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto.

After the securing of the city, during the Belostock Offensive of Operation Bagration, by the Soviet army on 27 July 1944, it was administered by the Byelorussian SSR as the capital of the restored Belastok Voblast. With the Border Agreement between Poland and the USSR of 16 August 1945, Białystok, with the surrounding area, was passed on to the People's Republic of Poland.

People's Republic (1945–1989)

Białystok was, from 1945 until 1975, the capital city of the Białystok Voivodeship. After the 1975 administrative reorganization of the People's Republic of Poland, the city was the capital of the smaller Białystok Voivodeship which lasted until 1998.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01r1VaLzt4w w Białymstoku], a short 15 minute film from 1958 provides insights into life in the city during the middle of the last century. The filming was done by a team of cameramen (Kosińsiego, Krzyżańskiego, Jankowska and Szawłowskiego) with narration by Michael Radgowskiego.^[63]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRl5b-h8_7E 1 Maja w Białymstoku], a 14-minute film from 1961 provides a view into the activities surrounding International Workers' Day (May Day) events in the city during the early 1960s.^[64]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Fb6O990_KY Documentary], an 11-minute film from 1972 provides insight into life in the city.^[65]

The network of Solidarity branches of the key factories of Poland was created on 14 April 1981 in Gdańsk. It was made of representatives of seventeen factories; each stood for the most important factory of every voivodeship of the pre-1975 Poland. The workers from the Białystok Voivodeship were represented by the Cotton Works Fasty in Białystok

On 24 March 1981, Solidarity decided to go on a nationwide strike in protest against the Bydgoszcz events. The strike was planned by the National Strike Committee for Tuesday, 31 March 1981. On 25 March, Lech Wałęsa met Deputy Prime Minister Mieczysław Rakowski, but their talks were fruitless. Two days later, a four-hour national warning strike took place. It was the biggest strike in the history of the Soviet Bloc,^[66]^[67] it has also been called the largest strike in the history of Communism.^[68] According to several sources, between 12 million ^[69]^[70] and 14 million Poles took part in it.^[71]

Apart from the National Strike Committee, several Interfactory Founding Committees (MKZ) were created in major cities. For security reasons, these offices were moved to large factories for the time of the strike, no matter how long it was planned to be. The MZK

Białystok Committee was placed in the Factory of Instruments and Handles in Białystok.

In the days following the initial hunger demonstration on 25 July 1981 in Kutno, additional demonstrations were organized in numerous cities across whole country including Białystok. Most of participants were women and their children,^[72] with men walking on the sides and trying to protect the demonstrators. As Jacek Kuroń later said:

“Those crowds wielding banners broke the principle of not leaving factories to take to the streets. They created an atmosphere of such tension that the government probably panicked”.^[73]

On 1 May 1982 Many thousands participants in independent 1 May demonstrations in Gdańsk, Białystok, Toruń, Łódź, Szczecin and other cities.^[74]

Contemporary Era

Third Polish Republic (1989 – present)

Pope John Paul II on 5 June 1991, during a visit to Bialystok, announced the decision to set up the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok.^[75]

On 1 January 1999 Białystok was named the capital of the newly organized Podlaskie Voivodeship, which was created out of the former Białystok and Łomża Voivodeships and the eastern half of the former Suwałki Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998.

Since the beginning of the century Białystok has significantly extended its area, incorporating neighboring villages such as Bialostoczek, Dziesieciny or Starosielce. The most recent incorporations were those of Zawady on the north and Dojlidy Gorne on the south. They have significantly increased the administrative area of the city.

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://bialystok.polska.pl/miastodawniej/article,Do_rozbiorow,id,323459.htm |title=Miasta w Dokumencie Archiwalnym |accessdate=5 April 2011 |language=pl |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026041300/http://bialystok.polska.pl/miastodawniej/article%2CDo_rozbiorow%2Cid%2C323459.htm |archivedate=26 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^{{cite book | title=Legendy województwa białostockiego, łomżyńskiego, suwalskiego | publisher=Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna im. Stefana Górnickiego w Białymstoku | author=Niewińska, Walentyna | year=1995 | location=Białystok|language=pl}}
3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.info.bialystok.pl/historia/wiesiolowscy/obiekt.php | title=Czasy rodu Wiesiołowskich | accessdate=17 May 2011|language=pl}}
4. ^{{cite web | url=http://edukacja.sejm.gov.pl/historia-sejmu/marszalkowie-sejmu/i-rzeczpospolita.html | title=Marszałkowie Sejmu | accessdate=17 May 2011|language=pl}}
5. ^{{cite book | title=Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów | publisher=Bellona |author1=Kądziela, Lukasz |author2=Nagielski, Mirosław | location=Warsaw | isbn=83-11-08275-8|language=pl}}
6. ^{{cite book | title=Stefan Czarniecki : żołnierz, obywatel, polityk | publisher=Kieleckie Towarzystwo Naukowe | author=Kowalski,Waldemar | year=1999 | location=Kielce | isbn=83-86006-28-5|language=pl}}
7. ^{{cite web | url=http://en.um.bialystok.pl/261-history-of-the-city/lang/en-GB/default.aspx | title=History of the City | accessdate=15 March 2011}}
8. ^{{cite web |author=Magdalena Grassmann |url=http://palac.amb.edu.pl/node/125 |title=Podlaski Wersal Branickich |work=palac.amb |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510012416/http://palac.amb.edu.pl/node/125 |archivedate=2009-05-10 |accessdate=18 September 2013|language=pl}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrotapodlasia.pl/pl/adm/powiaty_gminy/mbialystok/ |title=Miasto Białystok |work=wrotapodlasia.pl |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411155312/http://www.wrotapodlasia.pl/pl/adm/powiaty_gminy/mbialystok/ |archivedate=11 April 2008 |language=pl |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
10. ^{{Cite book | last = Zimmerman | first = Joshua D. | title = Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality | publisher = Univ of Wisconsin Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year = 2004 | location = | pages = 16 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&pg=PA16&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=HS_3SZ2-NITyzQSUtaWtBQ | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-299-19464-7 | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}
11. ^{{cite web | url=http://szlak.uwb.edu.pl/indexen.html | title=UWB Official website | accessdate=7 June 2011}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005170 |title=Bialystok |work=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accessdate=26 July 2007}}
13. ^{{cite book | title=Ruch oporu w getcie białostockim. Samoobrona-zagłada-powstanie | author=Mark, B | year=1952 | location=Warsaw|language=pl}}
14. ^{{cite book | title=Ruch oporu w getcie białostockim. Samoobrona-zagłada-powstanie | author=Mark, B. | year=1952 | location=Warsaw|language=pl}}
15. ^{{cite book|first= Tadeusz |last=Cegielski|author2=Łukasz Kądziela|title=Rozbiory Polski 1772-1793-1795|location=Warsaw|year=1990|language=pl}}
16. ^{{cite book | title=The New annual register | year=1808 | page=276 (footnotes) | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T3sEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA276&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES#PRA2-PA276,M1 }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://archives.gov.by/Itd/Adm_del.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026095741/http://archives.gov.by/Itd/Adm_del.htm |archivedate=26 October 2006 |title=Administrative division of Belarus: a historical information|accessdate=30 December 2009|language=ru}}
18. ^¹War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I, Review author[s]: Peter Gatrell
19. ^{{Cite web| title = Das Land Ober Ost| url = http://www.brest-litowsk.libau-kurland-baltikum.de/Ober-Ost/ober-ost.html| accessdate =18 February 2011|language=de}}
20. ^Maly rocznik statystyczny, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939) {{pl icon}}
21. ^{{Cite web| title = Podział Polski między ZSRR i Trzecią Rzeszę według Paktu Ribbentrop-Mołotow| url = http://www.ivrozbiorpolski.pl/img/granice_rozbiorowe_2rp.gif| accessdate =26 January 2011|language=pl}}
22. ^{{Cite web| title = Mapa podziału Polski. Podpisy: Stalin, Ribbentrop| url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Mapa_2_paktu_Ribbentrop-Mo%C5%82otow.gif| accessdate =22 March 2011|language=pl}}
23. ^{{Cite book | title = Bydgoszcz 1939 | publisher = IPN | series = Biuletyn IPN | volume = nr 35-36 | edition = 12/2003-1/2004 | location = Warsaw | pages = | url = http://www.ipn.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=3922 | doi = | id = | quote =1641-9561 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232035/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=3922 |archivedate=2011-06-11 |accessdate=18 September 2013|language=pl}}
24. ^{{Cite book | last = Gnatowski | first = M | title = Białostockie Zgrupowanie Partyzanckie | publisher = | series = | volume = | edition = | year = 1994 | location = Białystok | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = |language=pl}}
25. ^{{Cite web| title = New Provinces of Poland (1998)| url = http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pro/plpro.html| accessdate =28 March 2011}}
26. ^{{Cite web| title = Map of Poland| url = http://www.map-of-Poland.co.uk/| accessdate =28 March 2011}}
27. ^{{Cite book | last = Jankowiak | first = S | title = Trudny "powrót do macierzy" | publisher = IPN | series = | volume = | edition = | location = | pages = | url = http://www.ipn.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=3952 | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = |language=pl}}
28. ^¹{{cite book|title=Dziennik Ustaw|year=1975|number=16|page=91|language=pl}}
29. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.visitbialystok.com/index.php?op=disco_bialystok&site=museums | title=Museums (Podlaskie Museum) | publisher=visitbialystok.com | accessdate=18 July 2011}}
30. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/bialystok/3,local-history/ | title=Białystok – Local history | publisher=Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich | accessdate=18 July 2011}}
31. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026041300/http://bialystok.polska.pl/miastodawniej/article%2CDo_rozbiorow%2Cid%2C323459.htm |date=26 October 2010 }}
32. ^
33. ^ {{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
34. ^Historya Stefana na Czarncy Czanieckiego Wojewody kijowskiego hetmana polnego koronnego przez Ks. Michała Krajewskiego s.p.
35. ^Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, Warsaw, Bellona, 1994, {{ISBN|83-11-08275-8}}
36. ^¹http://en.um.bialystok.pl/261-history-of-the-city/lang/en-GB/default.aspx
37. ^{{cite web|author=Magdalena Grassmann |url=http://palac.amb.edu.pl/?q=node/4 |title=Podlaski Wersal Branickich |work=palac.amb |publisher= |pages= |page= |accessdate=28 June 2008 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrotapodlasia.pl/pl/adm/powiaty_gminy/mbialystok/ |title=Miasto Białystok |work=wrotapodlasia.pl |publisher= |pages= |page= |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411155312/http://www.wrotapodlasia.pl/pl/adm/powiaty_gminy/mbialystok/ |archivedate=11 April 2008 |language=pl |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}
39. ^Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-299-19464-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&pg=PA16&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=HS_3SZ2-NITyzQSUtaWtBQ Google Print, p.16]
40. ^{{Harvnb|Geifman|1993|p=127}}
41. ^¹{{Harvnb|Avrich|2006|p=44}}
42. ^An area of Russia where Jews were most oppressed, the Pale of Settlement gave rise to amazingly good things.
43. ^Samuel Joseph, "Jewish immigration to the United States, from 1881 to 1910", Columbia University, 1914, pgs. 65–66, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CmVDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66&dq=Bialystok+Odessa+pogroms]
44. ^Simon Dubnow, Israel Friedlaender, “History of the Jews in Russia and Poland”, Avotaynu Inc, 2000, pg 484, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vL60sEf7OPoC&pg=PA484&dq=Bialystok+pogrom]
45. ^Sarah Abrevaya Stein, “Making Jews Modern”, Indiana University Press, 2004, pg. 113 [https://books.google.com/books?id=39V_eGLSuJcC&pg=PA113&dq=Bialystok+pogrom]
46. ^Das Land Ober Ost {{de icon}}
47. ^3rd Constituent Charter of the BNR Rada {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211062413/http://www.radabnr.org/en/archive/3hramataen.htm |date=11 December 2015 }}
48. ^А. Сідарэвіч. Абвяшчэнне Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі
49. ^Zbiór afiszów i druków ulotnych 1944–1950, nr z 376, sygn. 262 "Wystawa – 50 lat Archiwum w Białymstoku" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014049/http://www.bialystok.ap.gov.pl/wystawa_50lat.html |date=22 July 2011 }},{{pl icon}} retrieved on: 9 August 2007.
50. ^Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, Pegasus Books, 2007{{ISBN|1-933648-15-5}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LUhXZD2BPeQC&pg=PA255&dq=Provisional+Polish+Revolutionary+Committee+puppet&sig=ACfU3U0QER3FRoaFy0YloNaxzDRFeGY_7g Google Print, p.255]
51. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVJww6lkhOU Jewish Life in Bialystok, 1939]
52. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2c9ecyiqnyo Jewish Quarter of Bialystok in June, 1939]
53. ^{{cite news| author = Yeshiva World News Staff| date = 11 November 2009| url = http://theyeshivaworld.com/news/General/41911/Levaya+of+Hagon+Rav+Dovid+Kviat+ZATZAL.html| title = Levaya of Hagon Rav Dovid Kviat ZATZAL| accessdate =11 November 2009| publisher = Yeshiva World News}}
54. ^Text of the Nazi–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, executed 23 August 1939
55. ^{{be icon}}Уладзімір Снапкоўскі. Беларусь у геапалітыцы і дыпламатыі перыяду Другой Сусветнай вайны
56. ^{{be icon}} Сёньня — дзень ўзьяднаньня Заходняй і Усходняй Беларусі
57. ^Michael Hope: Polish deportees in the Soviet Union {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216171614/http://www.wajszczuk.v.pl/english/drzewo/czytelnia/michael_hope.htm |date=16 February 2012 }}
58. ^Doctor Marek Wierzbicki of Institute of National Remembrance. Review of a book anti-Soviet conspiracy along the Biebrza, X 1939 – VI 1941 by Tomasz Strzembosz
59. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/en/19/202/Investigation_into_the_murders_of_several_Poles_in_Bialystok_and_its_area_in_Jun.html|title=Investigation into the murders of several Poles in Białystok and its area in June 1941}}
60. ^Goldhagen, Daniel J. Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1997
61. ^Sara Bender, The Jews of Byalistok, p. 93.
62. ^Kazimierz Krajewski, Shock in the Reich, Rzeczpospolita Daily
63. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01r1VaLzt4w Film o Białymstoku z 1958 roku]
64. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRl5b-h8_7E
65. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Fb6O990_KY 1972 Documentary]
66. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=93eUER87BmsC&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&sig=2PGSLWEZSI4RfSpZpR5EJv3IcnM US Intelligence and the Confrontation in Poland, 1980–1981. Douglas J. MacEachin, page 120]
67. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=AgKmojv_uoEC&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=Timothy+Garton+Ash+strike+March+1981&source=bl&ots=dVG4u9j3V1&sig=FHLAsd-2iUyDF6vjHNhlcVToErg&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA165,M1 The Polish Revolution. Timothy Garton Ash, page 165]
68. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=wI9TUaZZeAMC&pg=PR37&dq=Solidarity+March+1981 From Solidarity to Martial Law. By Andrzej Paczkowski, page XXXVIII]
69. ^The biggest strike in history of Poland, J. Polonus {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501123419/http://www.zrodlo.krakow.pl/Archiwum/2006/35/31.html |date=1 May 2008 }}
70. ^Kalendarium 1980 — 1981, Jaroslaw Szarek {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023647/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/68706%2C89618_Kalendarium_1980___1981.html |date=18 July 2011 }}
71. ^Bydgoszcz March
72. ^Encyclopedia of Solidarity, July 1981
73. ^History of Solidarity, July–August 1981 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723114724/http://www.solidarnosc.gov.pl/index.php?document=88 |date=23 July 2011 }}
74. ^NSZZ Solidarity – History in dates {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929212739/http://www.solidarnosc.org.pl/en/history-in-dates.html |date=29 September 2011 }}
75. ^Archidiecezja Białostocka {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303063520/http://www.archibial.pl/archidiecezja.php?st=16 |date=3 March 2011 }}