| 词条 | HIV/AIDS in Malaysia | |||||||||
| 释义 |
The first HIV/AIDS case in Malaysia made it debut in 1986 and since has become one of the country's most serious health and development challenges.[1] As of 2016, 99,338 HIV positive men and 12,578 HIV positive women in Malaysia. [2] Malaysia is ranked seventh highest in adult prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Asia after Thailand, Papua New Guinea, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia with a 0.45% prevalence rate.[3] According to the United Nations, Malaysia is one of the ten countries which together accounted for over 95% of all new HIV infections in the Asia-Pacific region in 2016.[4] In 2015, Malaysia recorded the rate of 10.9 new cases per 100,000 of the population, which is below than the target set by World Health Organization.[5] PrevalenceMalaysian HIV/AIDS cases have been reported since 1986 by the Ministry of Health. Since then, the national surveillance system had reported a cumulative of 105,189 HIV cases, 21,384 AIDS and 17,096 deaths related to HIV/AIDS giving total reported PLHIV of 88,093 cases or 96% of estimated PLHIV.[6]Males still make up the majority of HIV cases (89%), but the number of women with positive status of HIV has been increasing. This is shown by the decreasing trend of male:female ratio of 10:1 in 2002 to 4:1 in 2014.[7] 42% of HIV transmission by age group occurred in 30-39 bracket.[7] Between January to June 2014, 1,676 cases of HIV and 598 cases of AIDS with 402 deaths were recorded.[8] Out of this new infection, 79.7% are men. {{bar box|title=Reported New HIV Infections in Malaysia by Ethnic Groups (2016)[9] |titlebar=#DDD |left1=Percentage |right2=% |width=400px |bars={{bar pixel|Malay|red|57.5}}{{bar pixel|Chinese|green|20.9}}{{bar pixel|Indian|blue|6.9}}{{bar pixel|Foreigner|orange|1.8}}{{bar pixel|Others|silver|12.9}} |caption=}} Means of TransmissionIn 2013, heterosexuals transmission recorded the highest (51%), followed by Injecting Drug User (22%) and Homo/Bisexual transmission (22%). The scenario shifted gradually whereby in 2016, the means of transmission of new HIV cases were highest among Homo/Bisexual (46%), followed by Heterosexual (39%), Injecting Drug User (11%), Others (4%) and Mother-to-Child (1%).[9] In October 2018, Malaysia becomes the first country in the Western Pacific region to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of both HIV and syphilis, officially validated by the World Health Organization (WHO). [10] {{Pie chart| caption= HIV Transmission by Risk Factor in 2016 (% of 3,397 new infections)[9] | label1 = Homosexual/Bisexual | value1 = 46 | label2 = Heterosexual | value2 = 39 | label3 = Injecting Drug User (PWID) | value3 = 11 | label4 = Others | value4 = 4 | label5 = Mother-to-Child | value5 = 1 }}{{Pie chart | caption= HIV Transmission by Age Group in 2016 (% of 3,397 new infections)[9] | label1 = 20 - 29 | value1 = 40 | label2 = 30 - 39 | value2 = 31 | label3 = 40 - 49 | value3 = 16 | label4 = > 50 | value4 = 9 | label5 = 13 - 19 | value5 = 3 | label6 = < 13 | value6 = 1 }} Incidence & Mortality Rate
At-risk groupThe HIV epidemic in Malaysia is concentrated in these key populations;[7]
Sex worker accounts for 0.6% of total reported cases thus far. However, the number of cases reported among sex workers are grossly under reported.[1] In 2014, Integrated Bio-Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) in female sex workers shows an increase of sex workers living with HIV to 7.3% from 4.2% in 2012.[6]
An IBBS done in 2009 found HIV prevalence among the group at 9.3%, and was decreased to 4.8% in 2012.[6] However, in 2014, the IBBS shows an increase of HIV prevalence to 5.6%.[6]
At the beginning of the epidemic, injecting drug user (PWID) accounted for 70-80% of all new reported cases. This has started to decline since 2004. In 2011, PWID accounts for 39% of new reported cases.[1] In 2014, 16.3% of the PWID are reported living with HIV.[6]
IBBS conducted in 2012 shows 7.1% of MSMs is living with HIV. In 2014, the figure has increased to 8.9%.[6] Laws and regulationsIn 2001, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health developed a non-compulsory ‘Code of Practice on Prevention and Management of HIV and AIDS’ which supports the creation of a non-judgemental and non-discriminatory work environment. [12] During the 2011 Nineteenth ASEAN Summit, Malaysia together with other ASEAN nations, adopted the "ASEAN Declaration of Commitment: Getting To Zero New HIV Infections, Zero Discrimination, Zero AIDS-Related Deaths, Bali, Indonesia, 17 November 2011" to reaffirm their commitment in working towards realizing an ASEAN community with Zero HIV Infections, Zero Discrimination and Zero AIDS-related Deaths.[13] On 13 October 2017, the then-Ministry of Human Resources Minister, Datuk Seri Dr Richard Riot Jaem announced that the government wants to draft a new regulation in an effort to eliminate discrimination against people living with HIV or AIDS at the workplace. The ministry plans to legislate the HIV and AIDS in Workplace Policy by 2020. [14] In October 2018, it is reported that the Malaysian AIDS Council (MAC) is currently working with the Ministry of Human Resources on a policy to ensure that people with HIV/AIDS including those receiving treatment are not discriminated when it comes to employment. [15] Mandatory pre-marital HIV testMandatory pre-marital HIV screening for Muslim couples was made mandatory by the Religious Department of State Government in 9 states, beginning in November 2001 in Johor, followed by Perak, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, Pahang, Selangor, and possibly Melaka. Beginning January 2009, Muslim couples in the entire country are required to submit to premarital HIV testing.[16] In 2018, the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development mulls to make HIV testing mandatory for non-Muslim couples seeking marriage as well.[17] The proposal is strongly opposed by NGOs such as the Malaysian AIDS Council and the Sarawak AIDS Concern Society (SACS) citing the stance of World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS that do not support compulsory screening of individuals for HIV.[18] TreatmentThe first line of highly active antiretroviral therapy is provided for free in Malaysia by the Ministry of Health since 2006.[19] However, only 28% of HIV/AIDS patients seek consistent treatment as the awareness among patients to get treatment was still low because they were ashamed to seek treatment and did not know about the various types of treatment provided by the government to help them fight the disease.[20] The government hopes the figure will reach 90% in line with the National Strategic Plan Ending AIDS 2016-2030.[20] In September 2018, "HIV Connect", a self–paced, online learning platform that is designed for primary care physicians and other healthcare practitioners in Malaysia was launched. The online learning platform is a joint effort between the Malaysian AIDS Foundation (MAF) and the Malaysian Society for HIV Medicine (MASHM) to educate doctors regarding care and management of HIV/AIDS patients. [21] Local support
External sources
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2014countries/MYS_narrative_report_2014.pdf |title=The Global AIDS Response Progress Report 2014 |publisher=UN Aids |access-date=12 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910192406/http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2014countries/MYS_narrative_report_2014.pdf |archivedate=10 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/heal/2017/09/276324/living-hiv |title=Living with HIV |publisher=New Straits Times |access-date=11 September 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2155rank.html#my |title=COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS - ADULT PREVALENCE RATE |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=9 July 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/07/23/malaysia-among-top-ten-asian-nations-affected-by-hiv/ |title=UN report: Malaysia among top 10 Asian nations affected by HIV|publisher=The Star Online |access-date=29 December 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/malaysia-optimistic-meeting-who-target-fight-against-hiv-aids-124458 |title=Malaysia optimistic of meeting WHO target in fight against HIV/AIDS|publisher=Astro Awani |access-date=31 March 2017}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/MYS_narrative_report_2015.pdf |title=The Global AIDS Response Progress Report Malaysia 2015 |publisher=UN Aids |access-date=14 April 2015}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.mac.org.my/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Annual-Report-2014_A4_09022017-WEB-s.pdf |title=Annual Report 2014 |publisher=Malaysia Aids Council, Malaysia Aids Foundation |access-date=29 September 2014}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/hiv-aids-claim-16-742-lives-in-malaysia-since-1986-44664?cp |title=HIV/AIDS claim 16,742 lives in Malaysia since 1986 |publisher=Astro Awani |access-date=29 September 2014}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.mac.org.my/v3/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Snapshot-of-HIV-AIDS-in-Malaysia-2016_Brochure_31072017-Web.pdf |title=SNAPSHOT OFHIV & AIDS IN MALAYSIA 2016 |publisher=Malaysia Aids Council |access-date=6 March 2019}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.avert.org/news/malaysia-eliminates-hiv-transmission-mother-child |title=Malaysia eliminates HIV transmission from mother-to-child|publisher=Avert |access-date=21 November 2018|date=2 November 2018|author=Caitlin Mahon}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.moh.gov.my/images/gallery/publications/HEALTH%20FACTS%202017.pdf |title=Health Facts 2017 |publisher=Ministry of Health |access-date=29 December 2017}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/govt-to-draft-new-rules-to-curb-workplace-discrimination-against-people-wit#4u8EpDcH2Rio8yUg.97 |title=Govt to draft new rules to curb workplace discrimination against people with HIV, AIDS |publisher=Malay Mail |access-date=15 October 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://asean.org/?static_post=asean-structure-asean-summit |title=Nineteenth ASEAN Summit, Bali, Indonesia, 14-19 November 2011|publisher=ASEAN |access-date=17 November 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/10/13/new-regulation-eliminate-discrimination-against-people-hiv-and-workplace-soon-update |title=New regulation to eliminate discrimination against people with HIV and at workplace soon (Updated)|publisher=The Sun Daily |access-date=15 October 2017}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2018/10/16/no-more-discrimination-those-hivaids-employment-mac |title=No more discrimination of those with HIV/AIDS in employment: MAC|publisher=The Sun Daily |access-date=1 November 2018|date=16 October 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/mandatory-premarital-hiv-testing-20100513.pdf |title=Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing|publisher=Open Society Institute |access-date=15 January 2019|date=}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/government-public-policy/2018/12/441574/govt-seeks-make-hiv-testing-mandatory-non-muslim |title=Govt seeks to make HIV testing mandatory for non-Muslim couples seeking marriage as well|publisher=New Straits Times |access-date=15 January 2019|date=17 December 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/21/ngo-opposes-mandatory-hiv-screening-for-non-muslim-couples/ |title=NGO opposes mandatory HIV screening for non-Muslim couples|publisher=The Star |access-date=15 January 2019|date=21 December 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.moh.gov.my/images/gallery/Garispanduan/HIVGUIDELINES.pdf |title=Guidelines for the Management of Adult HIV Infection with Antiretroviral Therapy |publisher=Ministry of Health |access-date=15 April 2016}} 20. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1762255 |title=Only 28% of HIV/AIDS patients seek consistent treatment: Dr Hilmi |publisher=The Sun Daily |access-date=15 April 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mmgazette.com/hiv-connect-for-primary-care-physicians-and-healthcare-practitioners/ |title=HIV Connect for Primary Care Physicians and Healthcare Practitioners |publisher=The Malaysian Medical Gazette |access-date=1 November 2018|date=21 September 2018}} External links
2 : Health in Malaysia|HIV/AIDS by country |
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