| 词条 | John Gorrie |
| 释义 |
| name = John Gorrie | image = Gorrie.jpg | alt = statue of John Gorrie | caption = Statue of John Gorrie, National Statuary Hall Collection | birth_date = {{Birth date|1803|10|03}} | birth_place = Nevis | death_date = {{Death date and age|1855|06|29|1802|10|03}} | death_place = Apalachicola, Florida, U.S. | occupation = Physician, scientist, inventor }}John Gorrie (October 3, 1803 – June 29, 1855) was an American physician, scientist, inventor of mechanical cooling, and humanitarian.[1][2] Early lifeBorn on the Island of Nevis in the Leeward Islands of the West Indies to Scottish parents on October 3, 1803, he spent his childhood in South Carolina. He received his medical education at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York in Fairfield, New York. In 1833, he moved to Apalachicola, Florida, a port city on the Gulf coast. As well as being resident physician at two hospitals, Gorrie was active in the community. At various times he served as a council member, Postmaster, President of the Bank of Pensacola's Apalachicola Branch, Secretary of the Masonic Lodge, and was one of the founding vestrymen of Trinity Episcopal Church. Dr. Gorrie's medical research involved the study of tropical diseases. At the time the theory that bad air — mal-aria — caused diseases was a prevalent hypothesis and based on this theory, he urged draining the swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.[3] For this he cooled rooms with ice in a basin suspended from the ceiling. Cool air, being heavier, flowed down across the patient and through an opening near the floor. Experiments with artificial coolingSince it was necessary to transport ice by boat from the northern lakes, Gorrie experimented with making artificial ice.[2] After 1845, he gave up his medical practice to pursue refrigeration products. On May 6, 1851, Gorrie was granted Patent No. 8080 for a machine to make ice. The original model of this machine and the scientific articles he wrote are at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1835, patents for "Apparatus and means for producing ice and in cooling fluids" had been granted in England and Scotland to American-born inventor Jacob Perkins, who became known as "the father of the refrigerator." Impoverished, Gorrie sought to raise money to manufacture his machine, but the venture failed when his partner died. Humiliated by criticism, financially ruined, and his health broken, Gorrie died in seclusion on June 29, 1855. He is buried in Magnolia Cemetery.[4][5]{{rp|195}} Another version of Gorrie's "cooling system"{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} was used when President James A. Garfield was dying in 1881. Naval engineers built a box filled with cloths that had been soaked in melted ice water. Then by allowing hot air to blow on the cloths it decreased the room temperature by 20 degrees Fahrenheit. The problem with this method was essentially the same problem Gorrie had. It required an enormous amount of ice to keep the room cooled continuously. Yet it was an important event in the history of air conditioning. It proved that Dr. Gorrie had the right idea, but was unable to capitalize on it.[6] The first practical refrigeration system in 1854, patented in 1855, was built by James Harrison in Geelong, Australia.[7] Monuments and memorials
References1. ^{{cite book|title=Ice and Refrigeration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ypk7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA235|year=1919|publisher=Nickerson & Collins Company|page=235}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=John Gorrie|url=http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/national-statuary-hall-collection/john-gorrie|publisher=Architect of the Capitol}} 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Oz-0bacLB60C&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=john+gorrie+miasma&source=web&ots=DDBXKtHMLr&sig=8FtbtKlwSNkL5rc4uemp6ss8heg Link to Google Book link] 4. ^{{cite book|title=Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State|date=1939|access-date=October 29, 2017|place=New York|author=Federal Writers' Project|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=490}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Zephaniah Kingsley Jr. and the Atlantic World. Slave Trader, Plantation Owner, Emancipator|first=Daniel L.|last=Schafer|year=2013|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=9780813044620}} 6. ^Gorrie's fridge, ufl.edu; accessed December 20, 2015. 7. ^{{Australian Dictionary of Biography |first=L. G. |last=Bruce-Wallace |title=Harrison, James (1816–1893) |id2=harrison-james-2165 |accessdate=27 November 2016}} Further reading
External links
10 : 1803 births|1855 deaths|19th-century American inventors|19th-century American scientists|Disease-related deaths in Florida|People from Apalachicola, Florida|Scottish emigrants to the United States|Physicians from Florida|Cooling technology|19th-century American physicians |
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