“John Gotti”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

John Joseph Gotti Jr.^[1] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɒ|t|i}}, {{IPA-it|ˈɡɔtti|lang}}; October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002) was an Italian-American gangster who became boss of the Gambino crime family in New York City. Gotti and his brothers grew up in poverty and turned to a life of crime at an early age. Gotti quickly rose to prominence, becoming one of the crime family's biggest earners and a protégé of Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce, operating out of the Ozone Park neighborhood of Queens.

Early in his criminal career and following the FBI's indictment of members of Gotti's crew for selling narcotics, Gotti began to fear that he and his brother would be killed by Gambino boss Paul Castellano for selling drugs. As this fear continued to grow, and amidst growing dissent over the leadership of the crime family, Gotti organized the murder of Castellano in December 1985 and took over the family shortly thereafter, leaving Gotti as the boss of what has been described as America's most powerful crime syndicate, and one that made hundreds of millions of dollars a year from racketeering, hijacking, loan sharking, drug trafficking, bookmaking, prostitution, extortion, pornography, illegal gambling and other criminal activities.

At his peak, Gotti was one of the most powerful and dangerous crime bosses in the country. During his era he became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style, which gained him favor with some of the general public. While his peers avoided attracting attention, especially from the media, Gotti became known as "The Dapper Don", for his expensive clothes and personality in front of news cameras. He was later given the nickname "The Teflon Don" after three high-profile trials in the 1980s resulted in his acquittal, though it was later revealed that the trials had been tainted by jury tampering, juror misconduct, and witness intimidation. Law enforcement authorities continued gathering evidence against Gotti that helped lead to his downfall. According to Sammy Gravano, Gotti earned between $5–20 million per year during his tenure as Gambino boss.^[2]

Gotti's underboss Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano is credited with the FBI's success in finally convicting Gotti. In 1991, Gravano agreed to turn state's evidence and testify for the prosecution against Gotti after hearing the boss making several disparaging remarks about Gravano on a wiretap that implicated them both in several murders. In 1992, Gotti was convicted of five murders, conspiracy to commit murder, racketeering, obstruction of justice, tax evasion, illegal gambling, extortion, and loansharking. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole and was transferred to United States Penitentiary, Marion in southern Illinois. While in prison, Gotti died of throat cancer on June 10, 2002, at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri.

According to former Lucchese crime family boss Anthony "Gaspipe" Casso, "What John Gotti did was the beginning of the end of Cosa Nostra".^[3]

Early life

John Gotti was born in the Bronx, New York on October 27, 1940. His parents were born in the United States but his ancestors came from San Giuseppe Vesuviano, in the province of Naples in Italy.^[4] He was the fifth of the thirteen children of John Joseph Gotti Sr. and John Sr.'s wife Philomena (referred to as Fannie),^[4]^[5] and one of five brothers who became made men (fully initiated members of the Mafia) in the Gambino crime family:^[6] Eugene "Gene" Gotti was initiated before John due to John's incarceration,^[7] Peter Gotti was initiated under John's leadership in 1988,^[8] and Richard V. Gotti was identified as a caporegime (made member who heads a "crew" of soldiers and has major social status) by 2002.^[6] The fifth, Vincent, was initiated in 2002.^[9]

Gotti grew up in poverty alongside his brothers in East New York, Brooklyn.^[10] His father worked irregularly as a day laborer and indulged in gambling. As an adult, Gotti came to resent his father for being unable to provide for his family.^[5] In school, he had a history of truancy and bullying other students, and ultimately dropped out of Franklin K. Lane High School at the age of sixteen.^[11]^[12]

Gotti was involved in street gangs associated with New York City mafiosi from the age of twelve.^[11] When he was fourteen, he was attempting to steal a cement mixer from a construction site when it fell, crushing his toes; this injury left him with a permanent limp.^[11] After leaving school, he devoted himself to working with the Mafia-associated Fulton-Rockaway Boys gang, where he met and befriended fellow future Gambino mobsters Angelo Ruggiero and Wilfred "Willie Boy" Johnson.^[11]^[13]

Gotti met his future wife, Victoria DiGiorgio, who is half Italian and half Russian, at a bar in 1958.^[14] The couple was married on March 6, 1962.^[15] They had five children; Angela, Victoria, John Jr., Frank (d. 1980), and Peter. Gotti attempted to work legitimately in 1962 as a presser in a coat factory and as an assistant truck driver. However, he could not stay crime-free and, by 1966, had been jailed twice.^[16]

Gambino crime family

Associate

As early as his teens, Gotti was running errands for Carmine Fatico, a capo in the Gambino family, then known as the Anastasia family under the leadership of boss Albert Anastasia.^[17] Gotti carried out truck hijackings at Idlewild Airport (subsequently renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) together with his brother Gene and friend Ruggiero.^[18] During this time, Gotti befriended fellow mob hijacker and future Bonanno family boss Joseph Massino, and he was given the nicknames "Black John" and "Crazy Horse".^[18]^[19] It was around this time that Gotti met his mentor and Gambino underboss Aniello "Neil" Dellacroce.^[20] Dellacroce regaled Gotti with tales of past Mafia glories under Anastasia, leading Gotti to adopt Anastasia as his role model.

In February 1968, United Airlines employees identified Gotti as the man who had signed for stolen merchandise; the FBI arrested him for the United hijacking soon after. Gotti was arrested a third time for hijacking while out on bail two months later, this time for stealing a load of cigarettes worth $50,000 on the New Jersey Turnpike. Later that year, Gotti pleaded guilty to the Northwest Airlines hijacking and was sentenced to three years at Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary.^[18] Prosecutors dropped the charges for the cigarette hijacking. Gotti also pleaded guilty to the United hijacking and spent less than three years at Lewisburg.

Gotti and Ruggiero were paroled in 1972 and returned to their old crew at the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, still working under Fatico. Gotti was transferred to management of the Bergin crew's illegal gambling, where he proved himself to be an effective enforcer.^[21] Fatico was indicted on loansharking charges in 1972. As a condition of his release, he could not associate with known felons. Gotti was not yet a made man in the Mafia due to the membership books' having been closed since 1957, but Fatico named him acting capo of the Bergin crew soon after he was paroled.^[22] In this new role, Gotti frequently traveled to Dellacroce's headquarters at the Ravenite Social Club to brief the underboss on the crew's activities. Dellacroce had already taken a liking to Gotti, and the two became even closer during this time. The two were very similar—both had strong violent streaks, cursed a lot, and were heavy gamblers.^[23]

After Emanuel Gambino, nephew to boss Carlo Gambino, was kidnapped and murdered in 1973, Gotti was assigned to the hit team alongside Ruggiero and Ralph Galione in search for the main suspect, gangster James McBratney.^[15] The team botched their attempt to abduct McBratney at a Staten Island bar, and Galione shot McBratney dead when his accomplices managed to restrain him. Gotti was identified by eyewitnesses and by a police insider, and so he was arrested for the killing in June 1974.^[24] He was able to strike a plea bargain, however, with the help of attorney Roy Cohn, and received a four-year sentence for attempted manslaughter for his part in the hit.^[7]

After Gotti's death, he was also identified by Massino as the killer of Vito Borelli, a Gambino associate killed in 1975 for insulting then-acting boss Paul Castellano.^[25]^[26]

Captain

Gotti was released in July 1977 after two years' imprisonment. He was subsequently initiated into the Gambino family, now under the command of Castellano, and immediately promoted to replace Fatico as capo of the Bergin crew.^[7] He and his crew reported directly to Dellacroce as part of the concessions given by Castellano to keep Dellacroce as underboss,^[27] and Gotti was regarded as Dellacroce's protégé.^[28] Under Gotti, the crew were Dellacroce's biggest earners.^[7] Besides his cut of his subordinates' earnings, Gotti ran his own loansharking operation and held a no-show job as a plumbing supply salesman.^[29] Unconfirmed allegations by FBI informants in the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club claimed that Gotti also financed drug deals.^[28]^[30]

Gotti tried to keep most of his family uninvolved with his life of crime, with the exception of his son John Angelo Gotti, who was a mob associate by 1982.^[31]

In December 1978, Gotti assisted in the largest unrecovered cash robbery in history, the infamous Lufthansa Heist at Kennedy Airport.^[32] Gotti had made arrangements for the getaway van to be crushed and baled at a scrapyard in Brooklyn. The driver of the van failed to follow orders; rather than driving the vehicle to the scrapyard, he parked it near a fire hydrant and went to sleep at his girlfriend's apartment. The NYPD recovered the van and lifted the fingerprints of several perpetrators of the robbery, helping to unravel the heist.^[33]

On March 18, 1980, Gotti's youngest son, 12-year-old Frank Gotti, was run over and killed on a family friend's minibike by a neighbor named John Favara.^[34] Frank's death was ruled an accident, but Favara subsequently received death threats and was attacked by Victoria with a baseball bat when he visited the Gottis to apologize.^[35]^[36] On July 28, 1980, he was abducted and disappeared, presumed murdered.^[34] The Gottis were on vacation in Florida at the time, but Gotti is still presumed to have ordered the killing.

Gotti was indicted on two occasions in his last two years as the Bergin capo, with both cases coming to trial after his ascension to boss of the Gambinos. In September 1984, Gotti had an altercation with refrigerator mechanic Romual Piecyk, and was subsequently charged with assault and robbery.^[37]^[38] In 1985, he was indicted alongside Dellacroce and several Bergin crew members in a racketeering case by Assistant U.S. Attorney Diane Giacalone.^[12]^[39] The indictment revealed that Gotti's friend and codefendant Wilfred "Willie Boy" Johnson had been an FBI informant.^[39]

Taking over the Gambino family

Gotti rapidly became dissatisfied with Castellano's leadership, regarding the new boss as being too isolated and greedy.^[40]^[41] Like other members of the family, Gotti also personally disliked Castellano. The boss lacked street credibility, and those who had paid their dues running street level jobs did not respect him. Gotti also had an economic interest: he had a running beef with Castellano on the split Gotti took from hijackings at Kennedy Airport. Gotti was also rumored to be expanding into drug dealing, a lucrative trade Castellano had banned.

In August 1983, Ruggiero and Gene Gotti were arrested for dealing heroin, based primarily on recordings from a bug in Ruggiero's house.^[42]^[43] Castellano, who had banned made men from his family from dealing drugs under threat of death, demanded transcripts of the tapes,^[42]^[44] and, when Ruggiero refused, threatened to demote Gotti.^[45]

In 1984, Castellano was arrested and indicted in a RICO case for the crimes of Gambino hitman Roy DeMeo's crew.^[46]^[47] The following year, he received a second indictment for his role in the Mafia's Commission.^[45] Facing life imprisonment for either case, Castellano arranged for Gotti to serve as an acting boss alongside Thomas Bilotti, Castellano's favorite capo, and Thomas Gambino in his absence.^[48]^[49] Gotti, meanwhile, began conspiring with fellow disgruntled capos Frank DeCicco and Joseph "Joe Piney" Armone and soldiers Sammy Gravano and Robert "DiB" DiBernardo (collectively dubbed "the Fist" by themselves) to overthrow Castellano, insisting despite the boss' inaction that Castellano would eventually try to kill him.^[50] Armone's support was critical; as a respected old-timer who dated back to the family's founder, Vincent Mangano, he would lend needed credibility to the conspirators' cause.^[51]

It has long been a rule in the Mafia that killing a boss is forbidden without the support of a majority of the Commission. Indeed, Gotti's planned hit would have been the first attack on a boss since Frank Costello was nearly killed in 1957. Gotti knew that it would be too risky to solicit support from the other four bosses, since they had longstanding ties to Castellano. To get around this, he got the support of several important figures of his generation in the Lucchese, Colombo and Bonanno families. He did not consider approaching the Genovese family as Castellano had close ties with Genovese boss Vincent "Chin" Gigante.^[51] However, Gotti could also count on the complicity of Gambino consigliere Joseph N. Gallo.^[50]^[52]

After Dellacroce died of cancer on December 2, 1985, Castellano revised his succession plan: appointing Bilotti as underboss to Thomas Gambino as the sole acting boss, while making plans to break up Gotti's crew.^[53]^[54] Infuriated by this, and Castellano's refusal to attend Dellacroce's wake,^[53]^[54] Gotti resolved to kill his boss.

When DeCicco tipped Gotti off that he would be having a meeting with Castellano and several other Gambino mobsters at Sparks Steak House on December 16, 1985, Gotti chose to take the opportunity.^[55] The evening of the meeting, when the boss and underboss arrived, they were ambushed and shot dead by assassins under Gotti's command.^[56] Gotti watched the hit from his car with Gravano.^[57]

Several days after the murder, Gotti was named to a three-man committee to temporarily run the family pending the election of a new boss, along with Gallo and DeCicco. It was also announced that an internal investigation into Castellano's murder was underway. However, it was an open secret that Gotti was acting boss in all but name, and nearly all of the family's capos knew he had been the one behind the hit. He was formally acclaimed as the new boss of the Gambino family at a meeting of 20 capos held on January 15, 1986.^[58] He appointed DeCicco as the new underboss while retaining Gallo as consigliere.^[59]^[60]

Crime boss

Identified as both Castellano's likely murderer and his successor, Gotti rose to fame throughout 1986.^[61]^[62] At the time of his takeover, the Gambino family was regarded as the most powerful American mafia family,^[63] with an annual income of $500 million.^[64] In the book Underboss, Gravano estimated that Gotti himself had an annual income of not less than $5 million during his years as boss, and more likely between $10 and $12 million.^[65]

To protect himself legally, Gotti banned members of the Gambino family from accepting plea bargains that acknowledged the existence of the organization.^[66] He maintained a genial public image in an attempt to play down press releases that depicted him as a ruthless mobster. He reportedly would offer coffee to FBI agents assigned to tail him.

"The Teflon Don"

Gotti's newfound fame had at least one positive effect; upon the revelation of his attacker's occupation, and amid reports of intimidation by the Gambinos, Romual Piecyk decided not to testify against Gotti thanks to Boško "The Yugo" Radonjić, the head of the Westies in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan. When the trial began in March 1986, Piecyk testified he was unable to remember who attacked him. The case was promptly dismissed, with the New York Post summarizing the proceedings with the headline "I Forgotti!"^[38]^[67] It was later revealed that Gambino thugs had severed Piecyk's brake lines, made threatening phone calls and stalked him before the trial.^[68]

On April 13, 1986, DeCicco was killed when his car was bombed following a visit to Castellano loyalist James Failla. The bombing was carried out by Victor Amuso and Anthony Casso of the Lucchese family, under orders of Gigante and Lucchese boss Anthony Corallo, to avenge Castellano and Bilotti by killing their successors; Gotti also planned to visit Failla that day, but canceled, and the bomb was detonated after a soldier who rode with DeCicco was mistaken for the boss.^[69] Bombs had long been banned by the Mafia out of concern that it would put innocent people in harm's way, leading the Gambinos to initially suspect that "zips"—Sicilian mafiosi working in the U.S.—were behind it; zips were well known for using bombs.^[70]

Following the bombing, Judge Eugene Nickerson, presiding over Gotti's racketeering trial, rescheduled to avoid a jury tainted by the resulting publicity, while Giacalone had Gotti's bail revoked due to evidence of witness intimidation in the Piecyk case.^[71]^[72] From jail, Gotti ordered the murder of Robert DiBernardo by Gravano; both DiBernardo and Ruggiero had been vying to succeed DeCicco until Ruggiero accused DiBernardo of challenging Gotti's leadership.^[73] When Ruggiero, also under indictment, had his bail revoked for his abrasive behavior in preliminary hearings, a frustrated Gotti instead promoted Armone to underboss.^[74]

Jury selection for the racketeering case began again in August 1986,^[75] with Gotti standing trial alongside his brother Gene "Willie Boy" Johnson (who, despite being exposed as an informant, refused to turn state's evidence^[76]), Leonard DiMaria, Tony Rampino, Nicholas Corozzo and John Carneglia.^[77] At this point, the Gambinos were able to compromise the case when George Pape hid his friendship with Radonjić and was empaneled as juror No. 11.^[101] Through Radonjić, Pape contacted Gravano and agreed to sell his vote on the jury for $60,000.^[78]

In the trial's opening statements on September 25, Gotti's defense attorney Bruce Cutler denied the existence of the Gambino family and framed the government's entire effort as a personal vendetta.^[79] His main defense strategy during the prosecution was to attack the credibility of prosecutor Diane Giacalone's witnesses by discussing their crimes committed before their turning state's evidence.^[80] During Gotti's defense, Cutler called bank robber Matthew Traynor, a would-be prosecution witness dropped for unreliability, who testified that Giacalone offered him drugs and her panties as a masturbation aid in exchange for his testimony; Traynor's allegations would be dismissed by Judge Nickerson as "wholly unbelievable" after the trial, and he was subsequently convicted of perjury.^[80]^[81]

Despite Cutler's defense and critiques about the prosecution's performance, according to mob writers Jerry Capeci and Gene Mustain, when the jury's deliberations began, a majority were in favor of convicting Gotti. However, due to Pape's misconduct, Gotti knew from the beginning of the trial that he could do no worse than a hung jury. During deliberations, Pape held out for acquittal until the rest of the jury began to fear their own safety would be compromised.^[78] On March 13, 1987, they acquitted Gotti and his codefendants of all charges.^[77] Five years later, Pape was convicted of obstruction of justice for his part in the fix^[82] and sentenced to three years in prison.^[83]

In the face of previous Mafia convictions, particularly the success of the Commission trial, Gotti's acquittal was a major upset that further added to his reputation.^[84] The American media dubbed Gotti "The Teflon Don" in reference to the failure of any charges to "stick."^[85]

Reorganization

While Gotti himself had escaped conviction, his associates were not so lucky. The other two men in the Gambino administration, underboss Armone and consigliere Gallo, had been indicted on racketeering charges in 1986 and were both convicted in December 1987.^[86] The heroin trial of Gotti's former fellow Bergin crewmembers Ruggiero and Gene Gotti also commenced in June of that year.^[87]

Prior to their convictions, Gotti allowed Gallo to retire and promoted Gravano in his place while slating Frank Locascio to serve as acting underboss in the event of Armone's imprisonment.^[88] The Gambinos also worked to compromise the heroin trial's jury, resulting in two mistrials.^[89] When the terminally ill Ruggiero was severed and released in 1989, Gotti refused to contact him, blaming him for the Gambinos' misfortunes. According to Gravano, Gotti also considered murdering Ruggiero and when he finally died, "I literally had to drag him to the funeral."^[90]

Beginning in January 1988, Gotti, against Gravano's advice,^[91] required his capos to meet with him at the Ravenite Social Club once a week.^[92] Regarded by Gene as an unnecessary vanity-inspired risk,^[93] and by FBI Gambino squad leader Bruce Mouw as antithetical to the "secret society",^[94] this move allowed FBI surveillance to record and identify much of the Gambino hierarchy. It also provided strong circumstantial evidence that Gotti was a boss; long-standing protocol in the Mafia requires public demonstrations of loyalty to the boss.^[94] The FBI also bugged the Ravenite, but failed to produce any high-quality incriminating recordings.^[94]

1988 also saw Gotti, Gigante and new Lucchese boss Victor Amuso attending the first Commission meeting since the Commission trial.^[95] In 1986, future Lucchese underboss Anthony Casso had been injured in an unauthorized hit by Gambino capo Mickey Paradiso.^[69]^[96] The following year, the FBI warned Gotti they had recorded Genovese consigliere Louis Manna discussing another hit on Gotti and his brother.^[95] To avoid a war, the leaders of the three families met, denied knowledge of their violence against one another, and agreed to "communicate better."^[97] The bosses also agreed to allow Colombo acting boss Victor Orena to join the Commission, but Gigante, wary of giving Gotti a majority by admitting another ally, blocked the reentry of Massino and the Bonannos.^[95]

Gotti was nevertheless able to take control of the New Jersey DeCavalcante crime family in 1988. According to the DeCavalcante capo-turned-informant Anthony Rotondo, Gotti attended his father's wake with numerous other Gambino mobsters in a "show of force" and forced boss John Riggi to agree to run his family on the Gambinos' behalf.^[98] The DeCavalcantes remained in the Gambinos' sphere of influence until Gotti's imprisonment.^[99]

Gotti's son, John Gotti Jr., was initiated into the Gambino family on Christmas Eve 1988.^[100] According to fellow mobster Michael DiLeonardo, initiated in the same night, Gravano held the ceremony to keep Gotti from being accused of nepotism.^[100] John Jr. was promptly promoted to capo.^[31]

Assault acquittal

On the evening of January 23, 1989, Gotti was arrested outside the Ravenite and charged with ordering the 1986 assault of labor union official John O'Connor.^[101] O'Connor, a leader in the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America Local 608 who was later convicted of racketeering himself,^[102] was believed to have ordered an attack on a Gambino-associated restaurant that had snubbed the union and was subsequently shot and wounded by the Westies.^[101] To link Gotti to the case, state prosecutors had a recording of Gotti discussing O'Connor and announcing his intention to "bust him up," and the testimony of Westies gangster James McElroy.^[103]

Gotti was released on $100,000 bail, and was later acquitted at trial.^[104] It later emerged, however, that FBI bugs had apparently caught Gotti discussing plans to fix the jury as he had in the 1986–87 racketeering case. However, to the outrage of Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau and state organized crime task force chief Ronald Goldstock, the FBI and federal prosecutors chose not to reveal this information to them. Morgenthau later said that had he known about these bugged conversations, he would have asked for a mistrial.^[105]

1992 conviction

On December 11, 1990, FBI agents and NYPD detectives raided the Ravenite, arresting Gotti, Gravano and Frank Locascio. In the back of the police car, Gotti remarked, "I bet ya three-to-one I beat this".^[106] Federal prosecutors charged Gotti, in this new racketeering case, with five murders (Castellano, Bilotti, DiBernardo, Liborio Milito and Louis Dibono), conspiracy to murder Gaetano "Corky" Vastola, loansharking, illegal gambling, obstruction of justice, bribery and tax evasion.^[107]^[108] Based on tapes from FBI bugs played at pretrial hearings, the Gambino administration was denied bail. At the same time, attorneys Cutler and Gerald Shargel were disqualified from defending Gotti and Gravano after prosecutors successfully contended they were "part of the evidence" and thus liable to be called as witnesses. Prosecutors argued that Cutler and Shargel not only knew about potential criminal activity, but had worked as "in-house counsel" for the Gambino family.^[109]^[110] Gotti subsequently hired Albert Krieger, a Miami attorney who had worked with Joseph Bonanno, to replace Cutler.^[111]^[112]

The tapes also created a rift between Gotti and Gravano, showing the Gambino boss describing his newly appointed underboss as too greedy and attempting to frame Gravano as the main force behind the murders of DiBernardo, Milito and Dibono.^[113]^[114] Gotti's attempt at reconciliation failed,^[115] leaving Gravano disillusioned with the mob and doubtful on his chances of winning his case without Shargel, his former attorney.^[116]^[117] Gravano ultimately opted to turn state's evidence, formally agreeing to testify on November 13, 1991.^[118]

Gotti and Locascio were tried in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York before District Judge I. Leo Glasser. Jury selection began in January 1992 with an anonymous jury and, for the first time in a Brooklyn federal case, fully sequestered during the trial due to Gotti's reputation for jury tampering.^[119]^[120] The trial commenced with the prosecution's opening statements on February 12;^[121]^[122] prosecutors Andrew Maloney and John Gleeson began their case by playing tapes showing Gotti discussing Gambino family business, including murders he approved, and confirming the animosity between Gotti and Castellano to establish the former's motive to kill his boss.^[123] After calling an eyewitness of the Sparks hit who identified Carneglia as one of the men who shot Bilotti, they then brought Gravano to testify on March 2.^[124]^[125]^[126]

On the stand, Gravano confirmed Gotti's place in the structure of the Gambino family and described in detail the conspiracy to assassinate Castellano, giving a full description of the hit and its aftermath.^[127] Krieger, and Locascio's attorney, Anthony Cardinale, proved unable to shake Gravano during cross-examination.^[128]^[129] After additional testimony and tapes, the government rested its case on March 24.^[130]

Five of Krieger and Cardinale's intended six witnesses were ruled irrelevant or extraneous, leaving only Gotti's tax attorney Murray Appleman to testify on his behalf.^[130]^[131] The defense also attempted unsuccessfully to have a mistrial declared based on Maloney's closing remarks.^[132]^[133] Gotti himself became increasingly hostile during the trial,^[134] and at one point, Glasser threatened to remove him from the courtroom.^[130]^[135] Among other outbursts, Gotti called Gravano a junkie while his attorneys sought to discuss his past steroid use,^[136]^[137] and equated the dismissal of a juror to the fixing of the 1919 World Series.^[120]^[132]

On April 2, 1992, after only fourteen hours of deliberation, the jury found Gotti guilty on all charges of the indictment (Locascio was found guilty on all but one). James Fox, Assistant Director in Charge or "ADIC" of the FBI's New York Field Office, announced at a press conference, "The Teflon is gone. The don is covered with Velcro, and all the charges stuck."^[138]^[139] On June 23, 1992, Glasser sentenced both defendants to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole and a $250,000 fine. Gotti surrendered to federal authorities to serve his prison time on December 14, 1992.^[108]^[139]^[140]

Incarceration and death

Gotti was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois. He spent the majority of his sentence in effective solitary confinement, only allowed out of his cell for one hour a day.^[4]^[141] His final appeal was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1994.^[142]

On July 18, 1996, a fellow inmate named Walter Johnson punched Gotti in the prison recreation room, leaving him bruised and bleeding, because according to New York's Daily News, Gotti had disrespected him with a racial slur. According to the article, Gotti, desiring revenge, offered Aryan Brotherhood chieftains David Sahakian and Michael McElhiney somewhere between $40,000 and $400,000 USD to have Johnson killed. In August, McElhiney told two Brotherhood underlings to kill Johnson "if given the opportunity," according to a federal indictment charging him and thirty-nine other gang members with murder, attempted murder and racketeering. Johnson, however, was transferred to Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.^[143] Despite this, it was said that the Brotherhood never intended to do the hit for Gotti. Gotti is also believed to have hired the Brotherhood for another aborted hit on Locascio after learning the disgruntled acting consigliere sought to kill him. However, his family denies that Gotti ever had dealings with the notorious prison gang. Rather than associate with the "peckerwood" inmates, some say he befriended many Hispanic and African-American prisoners; such as a Latin King shot caller named "Manny".^[144]

Despite his imprisonment and pressure from the Commission to stand down,^[145] Gotti asserted his prerogative to retain his title as boss until his death or retirement, with his brother Peter and his son John Jr. relaying orders on his behalf.^[146] By 1998, when he was indicted on racketeering, John Jr. was believed to be the acting boss of the family.^[147] Against his father's wishes, John Jr. pleaded guilty and was sentenced to six years and five months imprisonment in 1999.^[31]^[148] He maintains he has since left the Gambino family.^[149] Peter Gotti subsequently became acting boss^[150] and is believed to have formally succeeded his brother shortly before Gotti's death.^[151]

John Jr.'s indictment brought further stress to Gotti's marriage. Victoria DiGiorgio Gotti, up to that point unaware of her son's involvement in the Mafia, blamed her husband for ruining her son's life and threatened to leave him unless he allowed John Jr. to leave the mob.^[14]

In 1998, Gotti was diagnosed with throat cancer and sent to the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri, for surgery.^[152] While the tumor was removed, the cancer was discovered to have returned two years later and Gotti was transferred back to Springfield, where he spent the rest of his life.^[153]^[154]

Gotti's condition rapidly declined and he died on June 10, 2002, at the age of 61.^[4]^[155] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn announced that Gotti's family would not be permitted to have a Requiem Mass, but allowed a memorial Mass after the burial.^[156]

Gotti's funeral was held in a non-church facility. After the funeral, an estimated 300 onlookers followed the procession, which passed Gotti's Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, to the gravesite. Gotti's body was interred in a crypt next to his son, Frank, who was struck and killed by a car when he was twelve years old in 1980. Gotti's brother, Peter, was unable to attend owing to his incarceration.^[157] In an apparent repudiation of Gotti's leadership and legacy, the other New York City families sent no representatives to the funeral. By the turn of the century, due in large part to numerous prosecutions brought on as a result of Gotti's tactics, half of the family's soldiers were in prison.^[64]

Portrayal in popular media

Gotti's notoriety made him the alleged inspiration for the character Joey Zasa, portrayed by Joe Mantegna, in The Godfather Part III.^[158]

Since his conviction, Gotti has been portrayed in five TV movies, a documentary series and two theatrical films:

The crime documentary series Mugshots aired an episode, "John Gotti: End of the Sicilians", filmed in Sicily and Brooklyn, featuring court wiretaps and undercover footage of Gotti's mob.^[168]^[169]

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://thelistlove.com/10-unbelievable-facts-about-john-gotti/|publisher=The List Love|date=25 March 2015|title=10 Unbelievable Facts About John Gotti}}
2. ^{{cite web |title= 9:10 - Sammy The Bull {{!}} The Man Who Brought Down John Gotti |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqcdHIKKEK8 |website= YouTube |accessdate= 13 June 2018}}
3. ^Philip Carlo, Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss, 2008. Page 134.
4. ^¹²³{{cite news |title= John Gotti Dies in Prison at 61; Mafia Boss Relished the Spotlight|author= Selwyn Raab|url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E4DC1E3DF932A25755C0A9649C8B63|newspaper= The New York Times|date= June 11, 2002|accessdate=February 14, 2011}}
5. ^¹Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 25–26
6. ^¹{{cite news|last=Rashbaum|first=William|title=U.S. Indicts Gottis, Saying They Operated Dock Rackets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/05/nyregion/us-indicts-gottis-saying-they-operated-dock-rackets.html|accessdate=October 4, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 5, 2002}}
7. ^¹²³Davis, p. 185
8. ^{{cite web|title=Gotti's Family|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/gotti-s-family-1.203105|work=Newsday|accessdate=January 13, 2012}}
9. ^{{cite news|last=Hinckley|first=David|title=Banned thug Vincent Gotti finally made it to crime time, then federal agents arrested him|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-03-23/news/17892973_1_john-gotti-gene-gotti-gotti-family|accessdate=October 4, 2011|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=March 23, 2008}}
10. ^{{cite news|last1=Raab|first1=Selwyn|title=Gotti's Brother Called Rising Star in Gambino Mob|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/16/nyregion/gotti-s-brother-called-rising-star-in-gambino-mob.html?scp=7&sq=&pagewanted=2|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 16, 1988|accessdate=February 24, 2019}}
11. ^¹²³Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 27–29
12. ^¹{{cite news |title= JOHN GOTTI RUNNING THE MOB|author= Selwyn Raab|url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2D8153DF931A35757C0A96F948260|newspaper= The New York Times|date= April 2, 1989|accessdate=February 19, 2011}}
13. ^Davis, p. 69
14. ^¹{{cite news|title=Gotti: Our Father, the Godfather|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-18559_162-5343517.html|work=48 Hours|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=October 31, 2011|date=September 26, 2009}}
15. ^¹{{cite news|last=Hampson|first=Rick|title=John Gotti dies with his legacy in ruins|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/06/10/gotti.htm|accessdate=February 10, 2012|newspaper=USA Today|date=June 11, 2002}}
16. ^{{cite book|last1=Mustain|first1=Gene|last2=Capeci|first2=Jerry|title=Mob Star: The Story of John Gotti|publisher=Alpha Books and Penguin Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvY0ip0pWxQC&lpg=PR9&dq=John%20Gotti%20jail&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=John%20Gotti%20jail}}
17. ^Raab, p. 352
18. ^¹²Raab, p. 354
19. ^Raab, p. 606
20. ^Raab, p. 354.
21. ^Davis, pp. 155–157
22. ^Davis, p. 158
23. ^Raab, p. 356.
24. ^Davis, pp. 159–160
25. ^{{cite news |title= Nomerta! Mafia boss a squealer|author= Mitchel Maddux|author2= Jeremy Olshan|url= https://nypost.com/2011/04/13/nomerta-mafia-boss-a-squealer/|newspaper= New York Post|date= April 13, 2011|accessdate=October 30, 2011}}
26. ^Raab, p. 608
27. ^Davis, pp. 176–177
28. ^¹Davis, pp. 188–189
29. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 62
30. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 69–70
31. ^¹²{{cite news |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/04/08/60minutes/main6375422.shtml|title= Gotti Jr. on Living and Leaving a Life of Crime|date= April 11, 2010|work=60 Minutes|publisher= CBS News|accessdate=February 25, 2011}}
32. ^{{cite news| url=https://nypost.com/2015/07/12/new-book-reveals-john-gottis-role-in-goodfellas-murder/ | work=New York Post | first=Bill | last=Sanderson | title=John Gotti killed mobster played by Joe Pesci in 'Goodfellas' | date=July 12, 2015}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://pagesix.com/2014/12/16/the-lufthansa-heist-goes-inside-the-daring-6m-caper/|title='The Lufthansa Heist' goes inside the daring $6M caper|date=December 16, 2014|publisher=}}
34. ^¹{{cite news |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,478124,00.html|title= John Gotti Neighbor Was Dissolved in Acid, Court Papers Reveal|date= January 9, 2009|publisher=Fox News|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=February 25, 2011}}
35. ^Davis, pp. 190–191
36. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 66–67
37. ^Davis, p. 286
38. ^¹{{cite journal |year= 1986|title= Trial and Terror: A victim's memory is mugged|journal= Time|volume= 127|issue= 14|publisher= Time Inc.|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961056,00.html|accessdate=February 25, 2011}}
39. ^¹Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 88–89
40. ^Davis, p. 187
41. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 61
42. ^¹Davis, p. 216
43. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 77
44. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 79–80
45. ^¹Davis, p 238
46. ^Davis, p 204
47. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 82–83
48. ^Davis, pp. 254–255
49. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 91
50. ^¹Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 92–96
51. ^¹Raab, p. 375.
52. ^Maas, p. 315
53. ^¹Davis, pp. 263–266
54. ^¹Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 97
55. ^Maas, pp. 321–322
56. ^Davis, pp. 272–273
57. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 102–104
58. ^Raab, p. 377-378.
59. ^Davis, p. 282
60. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 115
61. ^{{cite journal |year= 1986|title= Hitting The Mafia|journal= Time|volume= 128|issue= 13 |publisher= Time Inc. |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962403-1,00.html|accessdate=February 26, 2011}}
62. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 111
63. ^{{cite news|title=NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; Seeking Castellano's Killers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/30/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-seeking-castellano-s-killers.html|accessdate=March 4, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 30, 1985|author=Susan Heller Anderson|author2=David W. Dunlap}}
64. ^¹Raab, p. 467
65. ^Maas, p. 452
66. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 134–135
67. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 122–124
68. ^Raab, p. 386.
69. ^¹Raab, pp. 473–476
70. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 139–140
71. ^Raab, p. 385
72. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 142–143
73. ^Raab, p. 390
74. ^Maas, p. 351
75. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 159
76. ^Raab, p. 392
77. ^¹{{cite news|last=Buder|first=Leonard|title=GOTTI IS AQUITTED [sic] IN CONSPIRACY CASE INVOLVING THE MOB|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/14/nyregion/gotti-is-aquitted-in-conspiracy-case-involving-the-mob.html|accessdate=September 3, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 14, 1987 |quote=John Gotti was acquitted of Federal racketeering and conspiracy charges yesterday}}
78. ^¹Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 173–175
79. ^Davis, 306–307
80. ^¹Raab, p. 394
81. ^{{cite news|last=Buder|first=Leonard|title=JUDGE FINDS GOTTI PROSECUTORS DID NOT ASK A WITNESS TO LIE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/18/nyregion/judge-finds-gotti-prosecutors-did-not-ask-a-witness-to-lie.html|accessdate=October 9, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 18, 1987}}
82. ^¹{{cite news|last=Lubasch|first=Arnold|title=Juror Is Convicted of Selling Vote to Gotti|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/07/nyregion/juror-is-convicted-of-selling-vote-to-gotti.html|accessdate=October 9, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 7, 1992}}
83. ^{{cite news|last=Feuer|first=Alan|title=Jury-Fixing Case Dropped After Arrest of Gravano |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/03/nyregion/jury-fixing-case-dropped-after-arrest-of-gravano.html|accessdate=November 12, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 5, 2000}}
84. ^Raab, p. 397
85. ^Raab, p. 399
86. ^{{cite news|last=Buder|first=Leonard|title=4 Convicted at Mob Trial in Brooklyn|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/23/nyregion/4-convicted-at-mob-trial-in-brooklyn.html|accessdate=October 9, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 23, 1987}}
87. ^{{cite news|last=Buder|first=Leonard|title=THREE DEFIED DRUG-DEALING BAN BY GAMBINO FAMILY, JURY IS TOLD|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/02/nyregion/three-defied-drug-dealing-ban-by-gambino-family-jury-is-told.html|accessdate=October 9, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 2, 1987}}
88. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 195–196
89. ^Raab, p. 405
90. ^Maas, pp. 415–416
91. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 230
92. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 225
93. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 232
94. ^¹²Raab, pp. 417–418
95. ^¹²Raab, pp. 407–409
96. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 198
97. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 199–200
98. ^{{cite news|last=Zambito|first=Thomas|title=Don's Long Shadow Creeping into Trial of Brother|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2004-11-17/news/18273711_1_peter-gotti-crime-family-john-gotti|accessdate=January 7, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 17, 2004}}
99. ^{{cite news|last=Zambito|first=Thomas|title=Gentler Gotti Is Undapper Don|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2004-11-22/news/18280337_1_peter-gotti-ravenite-social-club-sammy-bull|accessdate=January 7, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 22, 2004}}
100. ^¹{{cite news|last=Gearty|first=Robert|title=Rat Squeals & Jr. Whimpers|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2005-08-24/news/18312583_1_junior-gotti-sammy-bull-john-gotti|accessdate=February 13, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=August 24, 2005}}
101. ^¹{{cite news|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|title=Gotti Is Seized In '86 Shooting of Union Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/24/nyregion/gotti-is-seized-in-86-shooting-of-union-chief.html|accessdate=February 14, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 24, 1989}}
102. ^{{cite news|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|title=Ex-Union Official Convicted of Racketeering |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/06/nyregion/ex-union-official-convicted-of-racketeering.html|accessdate=February 16, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 6, 1990}}
103. ^Raab, pp. 410–412
104. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 262
105. ^Raab, pp. 443–445
106. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 374–376
107. ^Davis, pp. 370–371
108. ^¹{{cite web|title=UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. FRANK LOCASCIO, and JOHN GOTTI, Defendants-Appellants.|url=http://www.ipsn.org/court_cases/us_v_locascio-appeal-1993-10-08.htm|work=ispn.org|publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|accessdate=March 9, 2012|date=October 8, 1993}}
109. ^Davis, pp. 372, 375–376
110. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 391, 397
111. ^Davis, p. 384
112. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 400–401
113. ^Davis, pp. 426–427
114. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 384–388
115. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 389–390
116. ^Davis, p. 399
117. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 393
118. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 413
119. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 417
120. ^¹{{cite news |title= Deliberations Set to Start in Gotti's Rackets Trial|author= Arnold H. Lubasch|url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F1061EFC3D5D0C728CDDAD0894DA494D81|newspaper= The New York Times|date= April 1, 1992|accessdate=March 30, 2011}}
121. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 422
122. ^{{cite news |title= Prosecution in Gotti Trial To Stress Secret Tapes|author= Arnold H. Lubasch|url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10613FF39540C708DDDAB0894DA494D81|newspaper= The New York Times|date= February 13, 1992|accessdate=March 30, 2011}}
123. ^Davis, pp. 412–421
124. ^Davis, pp. 421–422, 428
125. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 425–426
126. ^{{cite news |title= Witness Describes Scene at Murder of Castellano|author= Arnold H. Lubasch|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/27/nyregion/witness-describes-scene-at-murder-of-castellano.html|newspaper= The New York Times|date= February 27, 1992|accessdate=March 30, 2011}}
127. ^Davis, pp. 428–444
128. ^Davis, pp. 444–454
129. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 427–431
130. ^¹²Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 432–433.
131. ^Davis, pp. 461–462
132. ^¹Davis, pp. 468–470
133. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 434–435
134. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 421–423
135. ^Davis, pp. 457–458
136. ^Davis, p. 453
137. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 431
138. ^Davis, p. 475
139. ^¹Capeci, Mustain (1996), pp. 435–437
140. ^Davis, pp. 486–487
141. ^Capeci, Mustain (1996), p. 439
142. ^Raab, p. 455
143. ^{{cite news|last=Kates|first=Brian|title=Gotti Used Brotherhood For Revenge on Attacker|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/gotti-brotherhood-revenge-attacker-article-1.505837|accessdate=January 6, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 3, 2002}}
144. ^{{cite news|title=Gotti Under Fire Feds Say He Wanted Pal Slain in Prison|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/1998-09-09/news/18080244_1_gotti-and-gravano-frankie-locs-sammy-bull|accessdate=February 16, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=September 9, 1998|author=Jerry Capeci|author2=Greg B. Smith}}
145. ^{{cite news |title=Mafia Seeks To Oust Gotti, Officials Say|author=Selwyn Raab|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A12FB34540C758EDDA90994DE494D81|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 26, 1996|accessdate=March 5, 2011}}
146. ^{{cite news |title=Gotti Is Still Crime Boss, U.S. Asserts|author=Arnold H. Lubasch|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10616FD355E0C758DDDA00894DA494D81|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 16, 1992|accessdate=March 5, 2011}}
147. ^{{cite news |title=U.S. Charges John Gotti Jr. With Extortion|author=Benjamin Weiser|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E7DD163BF931A15752C0A96E958260|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 22, 1998|accessdate=March 5, 2011}}
148. ^{{cite news |title=Younger Gotti Is Sentenced To Six Years|author=David W. Chen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/04/nyregion/younger-gotti-is-sentenced-to-six-years.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 4, 1999|accessdate=March 5, 2011}}
149. ^{{cite news |title=John 'Junior' Gotti finds new calling – writing true crime stories|author=Alison Gendar|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-01-16/local/17944746_1_teflon-don-john-junior-gotti-dapper-don|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=January 16, 2010|accessdate=March 5, 2011}}
150. ^{{cite web|last=Lombardi|first=John|title=The Dumbest Don|url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/crimelaw/features/10869/|publisher=New York Magazine|accessdate=January 8, 2012|date=May 21, 2005}}
151. ^{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Nab Newest Gambino Crime Boss |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-06-05/news/18200241_1_peter-gotti-gambino-crime-family-john-gotti|accessdate=March 11, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=June 5, 2002}}
152. ^{{cite news |title=THROAT CANCER SURGERY FOR GOTTI|author=Greg B. Smith and Jerry Capeci|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/throat-cancer-surgery-gotti-article-1.804192|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=September 24, 1998|accessdate=January 28, 2012}}
153. ^{{cite news |title=THROAT CANCER HITS GOTTI AGAIN TUMOR DISCOVERED IN PRISON CHECKUP|author=Mike Claffey and Greg B. Smith|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/throat-cancer-hits-gotti-tumor-discovered-prison-checkup-article-1.877885 |newspaper=New York Daily News|date=September 29, 2000|accessdate=January 28, 2012}}
154. ^{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/US/06/10/john.gotti/index.html |title='Dapper Don' John Gotti dead|date=June 11, 2002|publisher=CNN|accessdate=March 5, 2011}}
155. ^{{cite news |title=JOHN GOTTI DIES OF CANCER AT 61 Mob boss last of the colorful old gangsters|author=Corky Siemaszko|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-06-11/news/18189190_1_bergin-hunt-gotti-family-john-gotti|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=June 11, 2002|accessdate=March 5, 2011}}
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157. ^{{cite news |last=Dakss|first=Brian|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/06/14/national/main512202.shtml|title=Final Farewell To Gotti|date=June 15, 2002 |publisher=CBS News|accessdate=February 14, 2011}}
158. ^{{cite news|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|title=The Godfather III (1990)|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,312953,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=March 4, 2012|date=January 11, 1991}}
159. ^{{cite journal|last=Hiltbrand|first=David|title=Picks and Pans Review: Getting Gotti|journal=People|date=May 9, 1994|volume=41|issue=17|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20107995,00.html|accessdate=January 6, 2012}}
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168. ^{{cite web|title=Watch "Mugshots Ep 10 John Gotti" Full Episode Free {{!}} Snagfilms|url=http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/mugshots_john_gotti_end_of_the_siclians|website=SnagFilms|accessdate=20 April 2017|language=en}}
169. ^{{cite web|title=FilmRise MUGSHOTS: John Gotti – End of the Sicilians|url=http://filmrise.com/mugshots-john-gotti-end-sicilians/|website=FilmRise|accessdate=20 April 2017}}