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词条 HLA-F
释义

  1. HLA-F

  2. Gene

  3. Protein

  4. Expression

      Intracellular expression    Extracellular expression    Expression during pregnancy  

  5. Function

      Association with specialized ligands    Maternal immunity tolerance    Intermolecular communication    Exogenous antigen cross-presentation    Ligand during inflammatory response  

  6. Disease association

  7. References

  8. Further reading

{{Infobox_gene}}HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-F gene.[1][2]

HLA-F

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of cell surface proteins that in humans is also called the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex. These proteins are encoded by a cluster of genes known as the HLA locus. The HLA locus occupies a ~ 3Mbp stretch that is located on the short arm of chromosome 6, specifically on 6p21.1-21.3.[3] The MHC proteins are classified into three main categories, namely class I, II, and III. There are over 140 genes within the HLA locus and they are often called HLA genes.[4][5] HLA-A, B, and C are the classical class I genes and HLA-E, F and G are the nonclassical class I genes.[6][7] The protein encoded from the gene HLA-F was originally isolated from the human lymphoblastoid cell line 721.[8]

Gene

The HLA-F gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 6, telomeric to the HLA-A locus.[6] HLA-F has little allelic polymorphism[9] and is highly conserved in other primates.[10] HLA-F appears to be a recombinant between two multigene families, one that comprises conserved sequences found in all class I proteins (single transmembrane span) and another distinct family of genes with a conserved 3’ UTR. Many of these genes are highly transcribed and differentially expressed.[1]

Protein

The HLA-F protein is a ~40-41 kDa molecule with conserved domains.[11] Exon 7 is absent from the mRNA of HLA-F.[1][12] The absence of this exon produces a modification in the cytoplasmic tail of the protein making it shorter relative to classical HLA class-I proteins.[1] The cytoplasmic tail helps HLA-F exit the endoplasmic reticulum,[13] and that function is primarily done by the amino acid valine found at the C-terminal end of the tail.[13][14]

Expression

Classic HLA class I molecules interact with HLA-F through their heavy chain.[14] However, HLA class I molecules only interact with HLA-F when they are in the form of an open conformer (free of peptide). Thus, HLA-F is expressed independently of bound peptide.[14][15]

Intracellular expression

HLA-F is expressed intracellularly in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), resting lymphocyte cells (B, T, NK, and monocytes), tonsils, spleen, thymus, bladder, brain, colon, kidney, liver, lymphoblast, T cell leukemia, choriocarcinoma, and carcinoma.[11][16][17]

Extracellular expression

HLA-F is expressed on the cell surface of activated lymphocytes, HeLa cells, EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells, and in some activated monocyte cell lines.[13][16] The surface expression of HLA-F coincides with the activated immune response since HLA-F is mostly found on the surface of stimulated T memory cells but not on circulating regulatory T cells.[18]

Expression during pregnancy

HLA-F is expressed on the cells that surround the forming placenta (called extravillous trophoblasts), which are in direct contact with the maternal uterine cells.[19] In these cells, HLA-F is expressed both intracellularly and on the surface.[19]

Function

HLA-F belongs to the non-classical HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. Compared to classical HLA class I molecules, it exhibits very few polymorphisms. This class I molecule mainly exists as a heterodimer associated with the invariant light chain beta-2 microglobulin. The heavy chain is approximately 42 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, the putative peptide binding sites, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 and 6 encode the transmembrane region and exons 7 and 8 the cytoplasmic tail. However, exons 7 and 8 (the cytoplasmic tail) are not translated due to an in-frame translation termination codon in exon 6.[2]

HLA-F is currently the most enigmatic of the HLA molecules. Hence, its precise functions still remain to be resolved. Though, in contrast to other HLA molecules, it mainly resides intracellularly and rarely reaches the cell surface, e.g. upon activation of NK, B and T cells. Unlike classical HLA class I molecules, which possess ten highly conserved amino acids responsible for antigen recognition, HLA-F only has 5, suggesting a biological function different from peptide presentation. Upon immune cell activation, HLA-F binds free forms of HLA class I molecules and reaches the cell surface as heterodimer. In this way HLA-F stabilizes HLA class I molecules that haven't yet bound peptides, thereby acting as a chaperone and transporting the free HLA class I to, on, and from the cell surface.[20]

Association with specialized ligands

HLA-F has been observed only in a subset of cell membranes, mostly B cells and activated lymphocytes.[19] As a result, it has been suggested that its role involves association with specialized ligands that become available in the cell membrane of activated cells.[11] For example, HLA-F can act as a peptide binding of ILT2 and ILT4.[17][21] HLA-F can associate with TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) and with the multimeric complex involved in peptide loading.[11][17][16][18]

Maternal immunity tolerance

It has been observed that all three non-classical HLA class I proteins are expressed in placental trophoblasts in contact with maternal immune cells.[9] This suggests that these proteins collaborate in the immune response and that HLA-F plays a fundamental role in both normal and maternal immune response.[9] HLA-F is also expressed in decidual extravillous trophoblasts.[19] During pregnancy, HLA-F interacts with T reg cells and extravillous trophoblasts mediating maternal tolerance to the fetus.[18]

Intermolecular communication

During the interaction between HLA-F and the heavy chain (HC) of HLA class I molecules in activated lymphocytes, HLA-F plays a role as a chaperone, escorting HLA class I HC to the cell surface and stabilizing its expression in the absence of peptide.[14] HLA-F binds most allelic forms of HLA class I open conformers, but it does not bind peptide complexes.[15]

The expression patterns of HLA-F in T cells suggest that HLA-F is involved in the communication pathway between T reg and activated T cells, where HLA-F signals that the immune response has been activated. During this communication, either HLA-F invokes secretion of inhibitory cytokines by the regulatory T cells or it provides a simple inhibitory signal to the regulatory T cells, allowing a normal immune response to proceed.[18]

Exogenous antigen cross-presentation

Viral proteins and other exogenous antigens decrease surface HLA-F expression because the exogenous proteins interact with HLA class I molecules at the same sites where HLA-F interacts, producing crosslinking. The exogenous proteins trigger an internal co-localization of both HLA-F and HLA class I molecules.[15] Exogenous proteins with higher affinity will interact more readily with HLA class I molecules triggering a dissociation of HLA class I/HLA-F, thereby reducing the surface levels of HLA-F.[15] HLA-F interacts with the open conformer (OC) of HLA class I and they function together in cross-presentation of exogenous antigen. Exogenous antigen binds to a structure on the surface of activated cells; this structure is composed of HLA class I open conformer and HLA-F; the peptide-binding point of contact is a specific HLA class I epitope on the exogenous antigen.[15]

Ligand during inflammatory response

The complex HLA-F/HLA class I OC has two distinct roles that are central to the inflammatory response: first, it is a ligand for KIR receptors and can both activate and inhibit KIR; second, it is involved in cross-presentation of exogenous antigen.[22][23][24]

The complex HLA-F/HLA class-I OC is a ligand for a subset of KIR (Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor) receptors.[22] Specifically, it was demonstrated that HLA-F interacts physically and functionally with three KIR receptors: KIR3DL2, KIR2DS4, and KIR3DS1, particularly during the inflammatory response.[22][23][24] KIR directly interacts with both HLA-F and HLA class-I individually (i.e. no dimerization between HLA-F and HLA class-I is necessary).

Disease association

HLA-F has been linked to several diseases (Table). For cancer and tumors, HLA-F expression has been found to be enhanced in gastric adenocarcinoma,[25] breast cancer,[26] esophageal carcinoma,[27] lung cancer,[28] hepatocellular carcinoma,[29] and neuroblastoma.[30] HLA-F has also been associated with susceptibility to several diseases: hepatitis B,[31] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus,[32] and Type 1 diabetes (T1D).[33]

Disease associations
diseasereference
gastric adenocarcinoma[25]
breast cancer[26]
esophageal carcinoma[27]
lung cancer[28]
hepatocellular carcinoma[29]
neuroblastoma[30]
hepatitis B[31]
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus[32]
Type 1 Diabetes[33]

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Geraghty DE, Wei XH, Orr HT, Koller BH | title = Human leukocyte antigen F (HLA-F). An expressed HLA gene composed of a class I coding sequence linked to a novel transcribed repetitive element | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 171 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 1688605 | pmc = 2187653 | doi = 10.1084/jem.171.1.1 }}
2. ^1 {{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HLA-F major histocompatibility complex, class I, F| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3134 }}
3. ^{{cite book | title = Lewin's GENES XI | chapter = Chapter 18: Somatic recombination and hypermutation in the immune system | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yXFfPkLq4yEC&lpg=PR4&dq=978-1-4496-5985-1&pg=PA459#v=onepage&q=Somatic%20recombination%20and%20hypermutation%20in%20the%20immune%20system&f=false | last= Krebs | first = J.E. | last2 = Goldstein | first2 = E.S. | last3 = Kilpatrick | first3 = S.T. | name-list-format = vanc | publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-4496-5985-1 | location = USA | pages = 459–99 }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Pyo CW, Williams LM, Moore Y, Hyodo H, Li SS, Zhao LP, Sageshima N, Ishitani A, Geraghty DE | title = HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G polymorphism: genomic sequence defines haplotype structure and variation spanning the nonclassical class I genes | journal = Immunogenetics | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–51 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16570139 | doi = 10.1007/s00251-005-0076-z}}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith WP, Vu Q, Li SS, Hansen JA, Zhao LP, Geraghty DE | title = Toward understanding MHC disease associations: partial resequencing of 46 distinct HLA haplotypes | journal = Genomics | volume = 87 | issue = 5 | pages = 561–71 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16434165 | doi = 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.11.020 }}
6. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Koller BH, Geraghty DE, DeMars R, Duvick L, Rich SS, Orr HT | title = Chromosomal organization of the human major histocompatibility complex class I gene family | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 169 | issue = 2 | pages = 469–80 | date = February 1989 | pmid = 2562983 | pmc = 2189218 | doi=10.1084/jem.169.2.469}}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Geraghty DE, Wei XH, Orr HT, Koller BH | title = Human leukocyte antigen F (HLA-F). An expressed HLA gene composed of a class I coding sequence linked to a novel transcribed repetitive element | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 171 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 1688605 | pmc = 2187653 | doi=10.1084/jem.171.1.1}}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Geraghty DE, Koller BH, Orr HT | title = A human major histocompatibility complex class I gene that encodes a protein with a shortened cytoplasmic segment | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 84 | issue = 24 | pages = 9145–9 | date = December 1987 | pmid = 3480534 | pmc = 299709 | doi=10.1073/pnas.84.24.9145}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Pyo CW, Williams LM, Moore Y, Hyodo H, Li SS, Zhao LP, Sageshima N, Ishitani A, Geraghty DE | title = HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G polymorphism: genomic sequence defines haplotype structure and variation spanning the nonclassical class I genes | journal = Immunogenetics | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–51 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16570139 | doi = 10.1007/s00251-005-0076-z }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Daza-Vamenta R, Glusman G, Rowen L, Guthrie B, Geraghty DE | title = Genetic divergence of the rhesus macaque major histocompatibility complex | journal = Genome Research | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 1501–15 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15289473 | pmc = 509259 | doi = 10.1101/gr.2134504 }}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Wainwright SD, Biro PA, Holmes CH | title = HLA-F is a predominantly empty, intracellular, TAP-associated MHC class Ib protein with a restricted expression pattern | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 164 | issue = 1 | pages = 319–28 | date = January 2000 | pmid = 10605026 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.319 }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Callaghan CA, Bell JI | title = Structure and function of the human MHC class Ib molecules HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G | journal = Immunological Reviews | volume = 163 | pages = 129–38 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9700506 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01192.x}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Boyle LH, Gillingham AK, Munro S, Trowsdale J | title = Selective export of HLA-F by its cytoplasmic tail | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 176 | issue = 11 | pages = 6464–72 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16709803 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6464}}
14. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Goodridge JP, Burian A, Lee N, Geraghty DE | title = HLA-F complex without peptide binds to MHC class I protein in the open conformer form | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 184 | issue = 11 | pages = 6199–208 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20483783 | pmc = 3777411 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.1000078 }}
15. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|date=August 2013|title=HLA-F and MHC-I open conformers cooperate in a MHC-I antigen cross-presentation pathway|journal=Journal of Immunology|volume=191|issue=4|pages=1567–77|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1300080|pmc=3732835|pmid=23851683|vauthors=Goodridge JP, Lee N, Burian A, Pyo CW, Tykodi SS, Warren EH, Yee C, Riddell SR, Geraghty DE}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite journal|date=November 2003|title=HLA-F surface expression on B cell and monocyte cell lines is partially independent from tapasin and completely independent from TAP|journal=Journal of Immunology|volume=171|issue=10|pages=5264–71|pmid=14607927|vauthors=Lee N, Geraghty DE|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5264}}
17. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Lepin EJ, Bastin JM, Allan DS, Roncador G, Braud VM, Mason DY, van der Merwe PA, McMichael AJ, Bell JI, Powis SH, O'Callaghan CA | title = Functional characterization of HLA-F and binding of HLA-F tetramers to ILT2 and ILT4 receptors | journal = European Journal of Immunology | volume = 30 | issue = 12 | pages = 3552–61 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11169396 | doi = 10.1002/1521-4141(200012)30:12<3552::AID-IMMU3552>3.0.CO;2-L }}
18. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|date=August 2010|title=HLA-F is a surface marker on activated lymphocytes|journal=European Journal of Immunology|volume=40|issue=8|pages=2308–18|pmc=3867582|pmid=20865824|vauthors=Lee N, Ishitani A, Geraghty DE|doi=10.1002/eji.201040348}}
19. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|date=August 2003|title=Protein expression and peptide binding suggest unique and interacting functional roles for HLA-E, F, and G in maternal-placental immune recognition|journal=Journal of Immunology|volume=171|issue=3|pages=1376–84|pmid=12874228|vauthors=Ishitani A, Sageshima N, Lee N, Dorofeeva N, Hatake K, Marquardt H, Geraghty DE|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1376}}
20. ^{{Cite book|title = HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G — The Non-Classical Side of the MHC Cluster|url = http://www.intechopen.com/books/hla-and-associated-important-diseases/hla-e-hla-f-and-hla-g-the-non-classical-side-of-the-mhc-cluster|publisher = InTech|date = 2014-03-19|doi = 10.5772/57507 | first = Iris|last = Foroni|first2 = Ana|last2 = Rita|first3 = Bruno|last3 = Filipe|first4 = Margarida|last4 = Santos|first5 = Manuela|last5 = Lima|first6 = Jcome|last6 = Bruges-Armas | name-list-format = vanc }}
21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Allan DS, Lepin EJ, Braud VM, O'Callaghan CA, McMichael AJ | title = Tetrameric complexes of HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G | journal = Journal of Immunological Methods | volume = 268 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–50 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12213342 | doi=10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00199-0}}
22. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Goodridge JP, Burian A, Lee N, Geraghty DE | title = HLA-F and MHC class I open conformers are ligands for NK cell Ig-like receptors | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 191 | issue = 7 | pages = 3553–62 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 24018270 | pmc = 3780715 | doi = 10.4049/jimmunol.1300081 }}
23. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Burian A, Wang KL, Finton KA, Lee N, Ishitani A, Strong RK, Geraghty DE | title = HLA-F and MHC-I Open Conformers Bind Natural Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptor KIR3DS1 | journal = PLoS One | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = e0163297 | date = 2016-09-20 | pmid = 27649529 | pmc = 5029895 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0163297 }}
24. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Garcia-Beltran WF, Hölzemer A, Martrus G, Chung AW, Pacheco Y, Simoneau CR, Rucevic M, Lamothe-Molina PA, Pertel T, Kim TE, Dugan H, Alter G, Dechanet-Merville J, Jost S, Carrington M, Altfeld M | title = Open conformers of HLA-F are high-affinity ligands of the activating NK-cell receptor KIR3DS1 | journal = Nature Immunology | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 1067–74 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27455421 | pmc = 4992421 | doi = 10.1038/ni.3513 }}
25. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Ishigami S, Arigami T, Okumura H, Uchikado Y, Kita Y, Kurahara H, Maemura K, Kijima Y, Ishihara Y, Sasaki K, Uenosono Y, Natsugoe S | title = Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E and HLA-F expression in gastric cancer | journal = Anticancer Research | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 2279–85 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25862890 }}
26. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Harada A, Ishigami S, Kijima Y, Nakajo A, Arigami T, Kurahara H, Kita Y, Yoshinaka H, Natsugoe S | title = Clinical implication of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-F expression in breast cancer | journal = Pathology International | volume = 65 | issue = 11 | pages = 569–74 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26332651 | doi = 10.1111/pin.12343 }}
27. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang X, Lin A, Zhang JG, Bao WG, Xu DP, Ruan YY, Yan WH | title = Alteration of HLA-F and HLA I antigen expression in the tumor is associated with survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 132 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–9 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 22544725 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.27621 }}
28. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Lin A, Zhang X, Ruan YY, Wang Q, Zhou WJ, Yan WH | title = HLA-F expression is a prognostic factor in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer | journal = Lung Cancer | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 504–9 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21561677 | doi = 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.04.006 }}
29. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Xu Y, Han H, Zhang F, Lv S, Li Z, Fang Z | title = Lesion human leukocyte antigen-F expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma | journal = Oncology Letters | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 300–304 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25435979 | pmc = 4246689 | doi = 10.3892/ol.2014.2686 }}
30. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Morandi F, Cangemi G, Barco S, Amoroso L, Giuliano M, Gigliotti AR, Pistoia V, Corrias MV | title = Plasma levels of soluble HLA-E and HLA-F at diagnosis may predict overall survival of neuroblastoma patients | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2013 | pages = 956878 | date = 2013-11-21 | pmid = 24350297 | pmc = 3856218 | doi = 10.1155/2013/956878 }}
31. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Pan L, Chen L, Feng X, Zhou L, Zheng S | title = Non-classical MHC-Ι genes in chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma | journal = Immunogenetics | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–8 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22015712 | doi = 10.1007/s00251-011-0580-2 }}
32. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Jucaud V, Ravindranath MH, Terasaki PI, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Hiepe F, Rose T, Biesen R | title = Serum antibodies to human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E, HLA-F and HLA-G in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during disease flares: Clinical relevance of HLA-F autoantibodies | journal = Clinical and Experimental Immunology | volume = 183 | issue = 3 | pages = 326–40 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26440212 | pmc = 4750595 | doi = 10.1111/cei.12724 }}
33. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Richardson SJ, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Gerling IC, Mathews CE, Kaddis JS, Russell MA, Zeissler M, Leete P, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, von Herrath M, Pugliese A, Atkinson MA, Morgan NG | title = Islet cell hyperexpression of HLA class I antigens: a defining feature in type 1 diabetes | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 59 | issue = 11 | pages = 2448–58 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27506584 | pmc = 5042874 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-016-4067-4 }}

Further reading

{{refbegin|33em}}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Geyer M, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM | title = Structure--function relationships in HIV-1 Nef | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 2 | issue = 7 | pages = 580–5 | date = Jul 2001 | pmid = 11463741 | pmc = 1083955 | doi = 10.1093/embo-reports/kve141 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Greenway AL, Holloway G, McPhee DA, Ellis P, Cornall A, Lidman M | title = HIV-1 Nef control of cell signalling molecules: multiple strategies to promote virus replication | journal = Journal of Biosciences | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 323–35 | date = Apr 2003 | pmid = 12734410 | doi = 10.1007/BF02970151 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Bénichou S, Benmerah A | title = [The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway] | journal = Médecine Sciences | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 100–6 | date = Jan 2003 | pmid = 12836198 | doi = 10.1051/medsci/2003191100 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Leavitt SA, SchOn A, Klein JC, Manjappara U, Chaiken IM, Freire E | title = Interactions of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Nef with cellular partners define a novel allosteric paradigm | journal = Current Protein & Peptide Science | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–8 | date = Feb 2004 | pmid = 14965316 | doi = 10.2174/1389203043486955 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL, Pedersen SF, Duch M | title = HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef | journal = Current HIV Research | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–51 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 15078178 | doi = 10.2174/1570162043484924 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D | title = Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection | journal = Current HIV Research | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 87–94 | date = Jan 2005 | pmid = 15638726 | doi = 10.2174/1570162052773013 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson JL, Hope TJ | title = HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell | journal = Current HIV/AIDS Reports | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–53 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 16091223 | doi = 10.1007/s11904-004-0007-x }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Kozlowski S, Corr M, Takeshita T, Boyd LF, Pendleton CD, Germain RN, Berzofsky JA, Margulies DH | title = Serum angiotensin-1 converting enzyme activity processes a human immunodeficiency virus 1 gp160 peptide for presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 175 | issue = 6 | pages = 1417–22 | date = Jun 1992 | pmid = 1316930 | pmc = 2119225 | doi = 10.1084/jem.175.6.1417 }}
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  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Howcroft TK, Palmer LA, Brown J, Rellahan B, Kashanchi F, Brady JN, Singer DS | title = HIV Tat represses transcription through Sp1-like elements in the basal promoter | journal = Immunity | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–38 | date = Jul 1995 | pmid = 7621073 | doi = 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90165-5 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen YH, Böck G, Vornhagen R, Steindl F, Katinger H, Dierich MP | title = HIV-1 gp41 enhances major histocompatibility complex class I and ICAM-1 expression on H9 and U937 cells | journal = International Archives of Allergy and Immunology | volume = 104 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–31 | date = Jul 1994 | pmid = 7913356 | doi = 10.1159/000236670 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen YH, Böck G, Vornhagen R, Steindl F, Katinger H, Dierich MP | title = HIV-1 gp41 binding proteins and antibodies to gp41 could inhibit enhancement of human Raji cell MHC class I and II expression by gp41 | journal = Molecular Immunology | volume = 31 | issue = 13 | pages = 977–82 | date = Sep 1994 | pmid = 8084338 | doi = 10.1016/0161-5890(94)90092-2 }}
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  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Gasparini P, Borgato L, Piperno A, Girelli D, Olivieri O, Gottardi E, Roetto A, Dianzani I, Fargion S, Schinaia G | title = Linkage analysis of 6p21 polymorphic markers and the hereditary hemochromatosis: localization of the gene centromeric to HLA-F | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = 571–6 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 8518796 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/2.5.571 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Schwartz O, Maréchal V, Le Gall S, Lemonnier F, Heard JM | title = Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 338–42 | date = Mar 1996 | pmid = 8612235 | doi = 10.1038/nm0396-338 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Alexander-Miller MA, Parker KC, Tsukui T, Pendleton CD, Coligan JE, Berzofsky JA | title = Molecular analysis of presentation by HLA-A2.1 of a promiscuously binding V3 loop peptide from the HIV-envelope protein to human cytotoxic T lymphocytes | journal = International Immunology | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 641–9 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8671651 | doi = 10.1093/intimm/8.5.641 }}
{{refend}}{{Surface antigens}}
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