| 词条 | John Gurdon |
| 释义 |
| name = Sir John Gurdon | image = John Gurdon Cambridge 2012.JPG | caption = Gurdon in 2012 | birth_name = John Bertrand Gurdon | birth_date = {{birth date and age |1933|10|2|df=y}} | birth_place = Dippenhall, Surrey, England | death_date = | death_place = | residence = |citizenship = British | nationality = | alma_mater = Christ Church, Oxford | thesis_title = Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus | thesis_url = http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph019587923 | thesis_year = 1960 | doctoral_advisor = Michael Fischberg[1] | doctoral_students = Douglas A. Melton | known_for = Nuclear transfer, cloning | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | website = {{URL|http://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/zoostaff/gurdon.htm}} | footnotes = | field = Biology and Developmental Biology | work_institutions = University of Oxford University of Cambridge California Institute of Technology | prizes = William Bate Hardy Prize (1984) Royal Medal {{small|(1985)}} International Prize for Biology {{small|(1987)}} Wolf Prize in Medicine {{small|(1989)}} Edwin Grant Conklin Medal (2001) Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award {{small|(2009)}} Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine {{small|(2012)}} | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRS|FMedSci|MAE|size=100%}} }}Sir John Bertrand Gurdon {{postnominals|country=GBR|FRS|FMedSci|MAE}} (born 2 October 1933), is an English developmental biologist. He is best known for his pioneering research in nuclear transplantation[1][2][3] and cloning.[4][5][6][7] He was awarded the Lasker Award in 2009. In 2012, he and Shinya Yamanaka were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells.[8] Early daysGurdon attended Edgeborough and then Eton College, where he ranked last out of the 250 boys in his year group at biology, and was in the bottom set in every other science subject. A schoolmaster wrote a report stating "I believe he has ideas about becoming a scientist; on his present showing this is quite ridiculous."[9][10][11] Gurdon explains it is the only document he ever framed; Gurdon also told a reporter "When you have problems like an experiment doesn't work, which often happens, it's nice to remind yourself that perhaps after all you are not so good at this job and the schoolmaster may have been right."[12] Gurdon went to Christ Church, Oxford, to study classics but switched to zoology. For his DPhil degree he studied nuclear transplantation in a frog species of the genus Xenopus[13][14] with Michael Fischberg at Oxford. Following postdoctoral work at Caltech,[15] he returned to England and his early posts were at the Department of Zoology of the University of Oxford (1962–71). Gurdon has spent much of his research career at the University of Cambridge, first at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (1971–83) and then at the Department of Zoology (1983–present). In 1989, he was a founding member of the Wellcome/CRC Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer (later Wellcome/CR UK) in Cambridge, and was its Chair until 2001. He was a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics 1991–1995, and Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, from 1995 to 2002. ResearchNuclear transferIn 1958, Gurdon, then at the University of Oxford, successfully cloned a frog using intact nuclei from the somatic cells of a Xenopus tadpole.[17][18] This work was an important extension of work of Briggs and King in 1952 on transplanting nuclei from embryonic blastula cells[19] and the successful induction of polyploidy in the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculatus, in 1956 by Har Swarup reported in Nature.[20] At that time he could not conclusively show that the transplanted nuclei derived from a fully differentiated cell. This was finally shown in 1975 by a group working at the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland.[21] They transplanted a nucleus from an antibody-producing lymphocyte (proof that it was fully differentiated) into an enucleated egg and obtained living tadpoles. Gurdon’s experiments captured the attention of the scientific community and the tools and techniques he developed for nuclear transfer are still used today. The term clone[22] (from the ancient Greek word κλών (klōn, “twig”)) had already been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants. In 1963 the British biologist J. B. S. Haldane, in describing Gurdon’s results, became one of the first to use the word "clone" in reference to animals. Messenger RNA expressionGurdon and colleagues also pioneered the use of Xenopus (genus of highly aquatic frog) eggs and oocytes to translate microinjected messenger RNA molecules,[23] a technique which has been widely used to identify the proteins encoded and to study their function. Recent researchGurdon's recent research has focused on analysing intercellular signalling factors involved in cell differentiation, and on elucidating the mechanisms involved in reprogramming the nucleus in transplantation experiments, including the role of histone variants,[24][25] and demethylation of the transplanted DNA.[26] Politics and religionGurdon has stated that he is politically "middle of the road", and religiously agnostic because "there is no scientific proof either way". During his tenure as Master of Magdalene College, Gurdon created some controversy when he suggested that fellows should occasionally be allowed to deliver "an address on anything they would like to talk about" in college chapel services.[27] In an interview with EWTN.com, Gurdon reports that "I'm what you might call liberal minded. I'm not a Roman Catholic. I'm a Christian, of the Church of England." [28] Honours and awardsGurdon was made a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1971, and was knighted in 1995. In 2004, the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Institute for Cell Biology and Cancer was renamed the Gurdon Institute[29] in his honour. He has also received numerous awards, medals and honorary degrees.[15] In 2005, he was elected as an Honorary Member of the American Association of Anatomists. He was awarded the 2009 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research award and in 2014 delivered the Harveian Oration at the Royal College of Physicians.[30] Nobel PrizeIn 2012 Gurdon was awarded, jointly with Shinya Yamanaka, the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent".[31] His Nobel Lecture was called "The Egg and the Nucleus: A Battle for Supremacy". {{clear}}References1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J. B. | authorlink = John Gurdon| last2 = Byrne | first2 = J. A. | title = The first half-century of nuclear transplantation | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1337135100 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 100 | issue = 14 | pages = 8048–8052 | year = 2003 | pmid = | pmc = }} 2. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J. B. | authorlink = John Gurdon| doi = 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.090805.140144 | title = From Nuclear Transfer to Nuclear Reprogramming: The Reversal of Cell Differentiation | journal = Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology | volume = 22 | pages = 1–22 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16704337 | pmc = }} 3. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J. B. | authorlink1 = John Gurdon| last2 = Melton | first2 = D. A. | doi = 10.1126/science.1160810 | title = Nuclear Reprogramming in Cells | journal = Science | volume = 322 | issue = 5909 | pages = 1811–1815 | year = 2008 |pmid = 19095934| pmc = }} 4. ^1 {{Cite journal |last1 = Williams | first1 = R. |title = Sir John Gurdon: Godfather of cloning |doi = 10.1083/jcb.1812pi |journal = The Journal of Cell Biology |volume = 181 |issue = 2 |pages = 178–179 |year = 2008 |pmid = 18426972 |pmc =2315664 }} 5. ^{{Cite journal |last1 = Kain|first1 = K. |title = The birth of cloning: An interview with John Gurdon|doi = 10.1242/dmm.002014 |journal = Disease Models and Mechanisms |volume = 2 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 9–10 |year = 2009 |pmid = 19132124 |pmc =2615171 }} 6. ^{{Cite journal |last1 = Gurdon|first1 = J. |authorlink = John Gurdon|title = John Gurdon |journal = Current Biology |volume = 13 |issue = 19 |pages = R759–R760 |year = 2003 |pmid = 14521852|doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.015 }} 7. ^{{Cite journal |last1 = Gurdon|first1 = J. | authorlink = John Gurdon| title = Not a total waste of time. An interview with John Gurdon. Interview by James C Smith | journal = The International Journal of Developmental Biology | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–99 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10761853}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/press.html|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=8 October 2012|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – 2012 Press Release}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/gurdon-bio.html|title=Sir John B. Gurdon - Biographical|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=2017-06-03}} 10. ^{{Citation|last=Gurdon Institute|title=Gurdon Institute {{!}} John Gurdon's 'Journey of a lifetime' lecture, March 2016|date=2016-08-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3RuJMTOnE4&t=343|accessdate=2017-06-03}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=None of us should ever be written off|url=http://www.thisisdorset.co.uk/written/story-17110921-detail/story.html|publisher=Western Gazette|date=18 October 2012}} 12. ^{{cite news|last=Collins|first=Nick|title=Sir John Gurdon, Nobel Prize winner, was 'too stupid' for science at school|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9594351/Sir-John-Gurdon-Nobel-Prize-winner-was-too-stupid-for-science-at-school.html|accessdate=29 April 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=8 October 2012}} 13. ^{{Cite thesis|title=Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus|date=1960|publisher=Thesis DPhil--University of Oxford|url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=OXVU1&search_scope=LSCOP_OX&docId=oxfaleph019587923&fn=permalink}} 14. ^{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=John|last=Gurdon |title=Studies on nucleocytoplasmic relationships during differentiation in vertebrates |publisher=University of Oxford |year=1961 |url=http://www.theses.com|authorlink=John Gurdon}}{{subscription required}} 15. ^1 Rodney Porter Lectures: Biography 16. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Narbonne | first1 = P. | last2 = Simpson | first2 = D. E. | last3 = Gurdon | first3 = J. B. | editor1-last = Misteli | editor1-first = Tom | title = Deficient Induction Response in a Xenopus Nucleocytoplasmic Hybrid | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001197 | journal = PLoS Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = e1001197 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22131902| pmc =3217020 }} 17. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J. B. | authorlink1 = John Gurdon| last2 = Elsdale | first2 = T. R. | last3 = Fischberg | first3 = M. | doi = 10.1038/182064a0 | title = Sexually Mature Individuals of Xenopus laevis from the Transplantation of Single Somatic Nuclei | journal = Nature | volume = 182 | issue = 4627 | pages = 64–65 | year = 1958 | pmid = 13566187| pmc = }} 18. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J. B. | authorlink = John Gurdon| title = The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles | journal = Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology | volume = 10 | pages = 622–640 | year = 1962 | pmid = 13951335}} 19. ^{{cite journal| journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |date=May 1952|volume= 38|pages=455–463| pmid= 16589125|title=Transplantation of Living Nuclei From Blastula Cells into Enucleated Frogs' Eggs|author=Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King| doi=10.1073/pnas.38.5.455| issue=5| pmc=1063586}} 20. ^Swarup H. Production of heteroploidy in the three-spined stickle back (Gasterosteus aculeatus L) Nature in 1956;178:1124–1125. doi: 10.1038/1781124a0; http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v178/n4542/abs/1781124a0.html 21. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1198115 | last1 = Wabl | first1 = M. R. | last2 = Brun | first2 = R. B. | last3 = Du Pasquier | first3 = L. | title = Lymphocytes of the toad Xenopus laevis have the gene set for promoting tadpole development | journal = Science | volume = 190 | issue = 4221 | pages = 1310–1312 | year = 1975 | pmid = 1198115}} 22. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J. B. | authorlink1 = John Gurdon| last2 = Colman | first2 = A. | title = The future of cloning | journal = Nature | volume = 402 | issue = 6763 | pages = 743–746 | doi = 10.1038/45429 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10617195| pmc = }} 23. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gurdon | first1 = J. B.| authorlink1 = John Gurdon | last2 = Lane | first2 = C. D. | last3 = Woodland | first3 = H. R. | last4 = Marbaix | first4 = G. | title = Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells | doi = 10.1038/233177a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 233 | issue = 5316 | pages = 177–182 | year = 1971 | pmid = 4939175| pmc = }} 24. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Jullien | first1 = J. | last2 = Astrand | first2 = C. | last3 = Halley-Stott | first3 = R. P. | last4 = Garrett | first4 = N. | last5 = Gurdon | first5 = J. B. | title = Characterization of somatic cell nuclear reprogramming by oocytes in which a linker histone is required for pluripotency gene reactivation | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 12 | pages = 5483–5488 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1000599107 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20212135| pmc =2851752 }} 25. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Pasque | first1 = V. | last2 = Gillich | first2 = A. | last3 = Garrett | first3 = N. | last4 = Gurdon | first4 = J. B. | title = Histone variant macroH2A confers resistance to nuclear reprogramming | doi = 10.1038/emboj.2011.144 | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 12 | pages = 2373–2387 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21552206| pmc =3116279 }} 26. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Simonsson | first1 = S. | last2 = Gurdon | first2 = J. | authorlink2 = John Gurdon| doi = 10.1038/ncb1176 | title = DNA demethylation is necessary for the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei | journal = Nature Cell Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 984–990 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15448701| pmc = }} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.upublish.info/Article/John-Gurdon-on-ethics--politics--religion--and-anti-theism/775943|title=John Gurdon on ethics, politics, religion, and anti-theism|publisher=upublish.info|author=Johnny Michael|date=2012-10-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328201638/http://www.upublish.info/Article/John-Gurdon-on-ethics--politics--religion--and-anti-theism/775943|archivedate=28 March 2013|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/vnews/getstory.asp?number=125061|title=Nobel Prize Winner Participates at Vatican Conference|author=Ann Schneible|date=2013-12-04}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gurdon.cam.ac.uk/ |title=The Gurdon Institute |accessdate=2011-07-26}} 30. ^{{cite web|url = http://events.rcplondon.ac.uk/index.aspx?eventtype=Lecture|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100607041242/http://events.rcplondon.ac.uk/index.aspx?eventtype=Lecture|dead-url = yes|archive-date = 7 June 2010|title = 2014 - Event listing from April onwards|publisher = Royal College of Physicians|accessdate = 7 April 2014}} 31. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/ | title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 | publisher=NobelPrize.org | date=8 October 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2012}} External links{{Commons category|John Gurdon}}
| before = Sir David Chilton Phillips | title = Fullerian Professor of Physiology | years = 1985–1991 | after = Dame Anne McLaren }}{{succession box | title=Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge | before=Sir David Calcutt | after=Duncan Robinson | years=1994–2002 }}{{end}}{{Copley Medallists 2001-2050}}{{Wolf Prize in Medicine}}{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 2001–2025}}{{2012 Nobel Prize winners}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurdon, John Bertrand}} 24 : 1933 births|Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford|20th-century British biologists|21st-century British biologists|Developmental biologists|British Nobel laureates|English Nobel laureates|Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge|Fellows of the Royal Society|Fullerian Professors of Physiology|British Anglicans|British agnostics|Knights Bachelor|Living people|Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Place of birth missing (living people)|Recipients of the Copley Medal|Royal Medal winners|Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates|Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research|Articles containing video clips |
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