“HMS Aeolus (1801)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

HMS Aeolus was a 32-gun Amphion-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She was launched in 1801 and served in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812.

Ordered during the last years of the French Revolutionary Wars, Aeolus was at first engaged in convoy work, before being sent out to the West Indies, where she took part in operations off Saint-Domingue and blockaded the French ships in the harbours. She was involved in the chase of the 74-gun Duquesne after she put to sea, and assisted in her capture. Aeolus returned to operate off the British coast, and was part of Sir Richard Strachan's squadron in late 1805. The squadron encountered part of the fleeing Franco-Spanish fleet that Nelson had decisively defeated two weeks previously at the Battle of Trafalgar, and after bringing them to battle, captured the entire force.

After spending time off Ireland and North America, Aeolus was in the Caribbean in 1809, and took part in the capture of Martinique. Deployed with Captain Philip Broke's squadron after the outbreak of the War of 1812 Aeolus took part in the capture of {{USS|Nautilus|1799|6}}, the first ship either side lost in the war, the pursuit of {{USS|Constitution}} and the capture of the American privateer Snapper. Aeolus was used as a storeship at Quebec after the end of the war, and after returning to Britain was laid up as the Napoleonic Wars drew to a close. She was finally sold in 1817.

Construction and commissioning

She was the third ship in the Navy to be named Aeolus. The first, also a 32-gun fifth rate (launched in 1758), was still in existence but had been reduced to harbour service in 1796 and renamed Guernsey in 1800 to free the name for the new ship.^[4] Then a squadron captured the French frigate Pallas, which received the name Aeolus.^[8] In the meantime, Guernsey was sold in May 1801, shortly after the third Aeolus had completed fitting out the previous month, at Deptford Dockyard.^[3]^[4] The second Aeolus was then renamed to Pique.^[5]

Career

West Indies

On 1 February 1804 she captured the American snow Antelope, of 155 tons. Antelope had a crew of eight men and was carrying provisions, dry goods, wine, staves, hoops and sundries.^[6] In May 1804 Lord William FitzRoy assumed command.^[7]

Cape Ortegal

On realising that he had encountered a superior British force, Pelley attempted to flee northwards, but his ships were steadily overhauled by the British, with Strachan sending the faster frigates on to wear down the rear-most ships. Aeolus joined them in attacking the Scipion, and as the ships of the line came up and Pelley came about to engage them, the frigates formed up on the Frenchmen's starboard side, doubling their line. The French were worn down and all four ships were forced to surrender.^[12]^[13] Aeolus had no men killed during the engagement, and only three wounded.^[12] In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "4 Novr. 1805" to all surviving claimants from the action.

Irish station and America

Aeolus spent the rest of 1805 and 1806 on the Irish station, before departing for Halifax in August 1807.^[3] She was then in the Caribbean, taking part in the capture of Martinique in February 1809.^[3] She formed part of a small squadron with HMS Cleopatra and the brig HMS Recruit, which was sent into Fort-de-France Bay on 5 February. Panicked by the advance the French militia defending the bay set fire to the ships anchored there, including the frigate Amphitrite, and abandoned the forts in the southern part of the island.^[14] In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Martinique" to all surviving claimants from the campaign.

After five years in command of Aeolus Fitzroy handed over command to Captain John Shortland in October 1809. Captain Lord James Townshend succeeded Shortland in December 1810.^[3] Serving aboard Aeolus in 1811 was Frederick Marryat, who would later become famous as an author.^[15]

War of 1812

With the outbreak of the War of 1812 Aeolus was sent to join Captain Philip Broke's squadron in July 1812, and was present at the capture of the 14-gun {{USS|Nautilus|1799|6}} on 15 July.^[3] The British squadron, consisting of Aeolus, the 64-gun {{HMS|Africa|1781|6}} under Captain John Bastard, Broke's 38-gun {{HMS|Shannon|1806|6}}, the 38-gun {{HMS|Guerriere|1806|6}} under Captain James Richard Dacres and the 36-gun {{HMS|Belvidera|1809|6}} under Captain Richard Byron, had arrived off New York City in search of {{USS|President|1800|6}}, then under Commodore John Rodgers, but she had already sailed.^[16]

Instead, the British found the Nautilus, under William M. Crane. Nautilus was unable to outrun the British squadron and surrendered, becoming the first ship either side lost during the war.^[16] Shortly afterwards the squadron fell in with {{USS|Constitution}} and chased her for three days, with the American ship resorting to throwing her water and stores overboard, and having the ship towed and kedged, before she finally managed to escape.^[17]

On 3 November 1812 Aeolus, acting in company with {{HMS|Acasta|1797|6}}, {{HMS|Maidstone|1811|6}} and {{HMS|Childers|1812|6}} captured the American privateer Snapper.^[3] Snapper, of 172 or 200 tons (accounts vary), was out of Philadelphia and was armed with ten guns. The American press reported that before she struck she took 800 shots to her hulls and sails.^[18]

Between February and March 1813, Aeolus captured several American merchant ships, and one Spaniard, that she sent in to Bermuda:

At some point after these captures command of Aeolus passed to Captain Joseph Popham in 1813, and he was succeeded in an acting capacity by Commander James Crighton the following year.

Fate

Notes

1. ^{{London Gazette|issue=20939|page=241|date=26 January 1849}}
2. ^{{London Gazette|issue=20939|page=242|date=26 January 1849}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{cite book |last=Winfield |title=British Warships of the Age of Sail|page=143}}
4. ^¹²{{cite book |last=Colledge |title=Ships of the Royal Navy|page=5}}
5. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf|title=NMM, vessel ID 379457|work=Warship Histories, vol i|publisher=National Maritime Museum|accessdate=30 July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041558/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf|archivedate=2 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^{{London Gazette|page=518 |issue=15696|date=24 April 1804}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf|title=NMM, vessel ID 379458|work=Warship Histories, vol i|publisher=National Maritime Museum|accessdate=30 July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110802041558/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/pdf/Warship_Histories_Vessels_i.pdf|archivedate=2 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^¹²{{cite book |last=Cust |title=Annals of the Wars of the Nineteenth Century|pages=143–4}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|page=3}}
10. ^{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|page=4}}
11. ^{{cite book |last=Adkin |title=The Trafalgar Companion |page=530}}
12. ^¹{{cite book |last=Adkin |title=The Trafalgar Companion |page=532}}
13. ^{{cite book |last=James|title=The Naval History of Great Britain|page=8}}
14. ^{{cite book |last=Gardiner |title=The Victory of Seapower|page=77}}
15. ^{{cite book |chapter=Marryat, Frederick (1792–1848)|chapterurl=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18097|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/18097 |subscription=yes}}
16. ^¹{{cite book |last=Cooper |title=The History of the Navy of the United States of America|page=153}}
17. ^{{cite book |last=Cooper |title=The History of the Navy of the United States of America|page=158}}
18. ^Niles Weekly Register, Vol. 4, p.51.
19. ^{{London Gazette|page=1015 |issue=16733|date=25 May 1813}}