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词条 HMS Calypso (1883)
释义

  1. Design

  2. Service with the fleet

  3. Training ship

  4. Later use, and legacy

  5. Notes

  6. References

     Principal sources 

  7. External links to photographs

{{other ships|HMS Calypso}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=HMS Calypso a2.jpgShip caption=HMS Calypso
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=United KingdomUnited Kingdom|naval}}Ship name=HMS CalpysoShip ordered=Ship builder=HM Dockyard ChathamShip original cost=Hull: £82,000; machinery: £37,500[1]Ship laid down=1881Ship launched=7 June 1883Ship sponsor=Ship commissioned=21 September 1885 (first commission)Ship reclassified=Training ship, 2 September 1902Ship renamed=HMS Briton, 15 February 1916Ship motto=Ship nickname=Ship honours=Ship fate=Sold 7 April 1922; burned off Jobs Cove near Embree, NL
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=[1]Calypso|corvette}}2770|LT|t}}235|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} pp44|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}19|ft|11|in|m|1|abbr=on}}Ship sail plan=Barque rigShip power=*6 boilers
  • {{convert|4,023|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
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  • 4-cylinder J. and G. Rennie compound-expansion steam engine driving a single screw
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  • 12 × BL {{convert|5|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=4}} guns
  • 6 × QF Nordenfelt guns
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  • 2 × 14-inch (360 mm) torpedo carriages
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HMS Calypso was a corvette (designated as a third-class cruiser from 1887[2]) of the Royal Navy and the name ship of her class. Built for distant cruising in the heyday of the British Empire, she served as a warship and training vessel until 1922, when she was sold.

As originally classified as a screw corvette,[3] Calypso was one of the Royal Navy’s last sailing corvettes. She supplemented her extensive sail rig with a powerful engine. Among the first of the smaller cruisers to be given steel hulls, instead of iron, she nevertheless was cased with timber and coppered below the water line, as were wooden ships.[4]

Unlike her more famous sister {{HMS|Calliope|1884|2}}, Calypso had a quiet career, consisting mainly of training cruises in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1902 she was sent to the colony of Newfoundland, where she served as a training vessel for the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve before and during the First World War. In 1922 she was declared surplus and sold, then used as a storage hulk. Her hull still exists, awash in a coastal bay off Newfoundland.

Design

{{Main|Calypso-class corvette#Design}}Calypso and Calliope made up the Calypso class of corvettes, designed by Nathaniel Barnaby. Part of a long line of cruiser classes built for protecting trade routes and colonial police work,[5] they were the last two sailing corvettes built for the Royal Navy. Corvettes had been built of iron since the {{sclass-|Volage|corvette|4}} of 1867, but the Calypsos and the preceding {{sclass-|Comus|corvette|4}} were instead of steel. Corvettes were designed to operate across the vast distances of Britain's maritime empire, and could not rely on dry docks for maintenance. Since iron (and steel) hulls were subject to biofouling and could not easily be cleaned, the established practice of copper sheathing was extended to protect them; the metal plating of the hull was timber-cased and coppered below the waterline.[4]

The Calypsos differed from the ships of the preceding Comus class in armament, including new 6-inch rifles in place of the 7-inch muzzleloaders and 64-pounders that originally armed the first ships of the parent class. Although similar in general appearance to their predecessors, the Calypsos had guns sponsoned out both fore and aft and had no gunports under the quarterdeck and foredeck. They were also slightly longer, had a deeper draught, and displaced 390 tons more.[6] Calypso{{'}}s engine produced were of 4,023 indicated horsepower, over 50% more powerful than those of her nine half-sisters, which gave her one more knot of speed.[6] This compound-expansion engine could drive Calypso at 13¾ knots, or 14¾ knots with forced draught.[11]

She nevertheless carried a barque rig of sail on three masts,[7] including a full set of studding sails on her fore and mainmast.[8] This rig enabled her to serve in areas where coaling stations were rare, and to rely entirely on her sails for propulsion. The class therefore was well-suited to her designed role: trade protection and distant cruising service for the British Empire at its Victorian peak.[9]

Service with the fleet

While the class was designed for long-range protection of the trade routes of the empire,[10] and Calypso participated in war games, much of her career comprised activities appropriate to an empire at peace.

The ship served in home waters, and participated in fleet exercises, including a simulated attack on Britain,[11] and visited Kiel,[12] site of a major base of the Imperial German Navy often visited by British vessels. In 1890, Britain gave up the isle of Heligoland in the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, and Calypso was assigned to carry out the ceremony of transfer to the German Empire and bring back the island's last British governor.[13]

From the time of her first commission in 1885 until was placed in reserve in 1898, Calypso was part of the Sail Training Squadron, the "last refuge of the sailing navy" apart from a handful of smaller vessels.[14][15] The ship made cruises to the West Indies,[16] the Canary Islands, and Norway.[17] In 1895 Calypso was part of the squadron which conducted surveys well above the Arctic Circle, and a landfall and cluster of buildings on Svalbard, Norway, now a cultural heritage site, were named for her in honour of her visits to those waters.[18] On other occasions she assisted in the salvage of a civilian ship, for which her officers and crew were awarded salvage money,[19] and passed on hydrographic information from waters near Iceland.[20]

On 26 June 1897 Calypso was present at the Review of the Fleet off Spithead held to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria's accession to the throne.[21] Paid off into reserve at Devonport in 1898,[14] the ship was no longer considered a fighting ship by the turn of the century, and it was felt she could best be employed in training naval reservists for service at sea.[22]

Training ship

On 3 September 1902 Calypso was placed back into commission under the command of Commander Frederick Murray Walker,[14][23] and was sent across the Atlantic to become a training ship for the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve (RNR), which trained men for service in the Royal Navy.[24][32] The Reserve had been founded in 1900 as an experiment to assist the Admiralty in the manning of ships, and to enable the Newfoundlanders to assist in the defence of the empire, training their seafarers in the winter months when the fishery was not worked.[25] As the result of this trial, the Admiralty agreed to provide a vessel, and the colony agreed to pay for the refit, as well as an annual subvention to support the training programme.[25]

The location of the vessel was controversial, with the community of Argentia proferred as a substitute for the colonial capital of St. John's. Reasons for this proposal included both a desire to protect the larger city from the conjectured debaucheries of sailors, and to protect the reservists, many of whom were married, from the temptations (including prostitution) which might be available in the city.[26] In a time of tensions between Britain and France, Argentia also had the benefit of being closer to the French territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and it was felt beneficial to have a British military force in proximity to the French territory in the event of a dispute.[27] These objections were felt to be outweighed by cost, convenience, and accessibility of staff to the colonial government, and St. John's was chosen to host the ship. Calypso arrived there on 15 October,[28] was later hulked, and permanently moored at the western end of the harbour.[29]

Prior to the outbreak of war candidates had to be fishermen or sailors, and the RNR maintained a reserve strength of 500–600 men.[30] By 1914, over 1,400 seamen had been trained, and more than 400 answered the call to arms on the outbreak of the Great War.[31] The Reserve provided crew for ships of the Royal Navy,[30] including over 100 seamen taken aboard {{HMCS|Niobe}} a month after the start of the war, the first group of Newfoundlanders to go to war.[31] It also provided home defence,[30] including manning coast artillery at the entrance to the St. Johns harbour,[32] and the protection of Newfoundland's shore and shipping.[33] Calypso and a small, slow armed patrol vessel were the colony's only warships,[34] and Calypso could not go to sea.

In 1916, Calypso was renamed HMS Briton, and surrendered her former name to a new light cruiser laid down in that year, which entered service in 1917.[35]

Before the war the owner of the dock where Calypso was berthed had sought the vessel's removal. The matter was held in abeyance during the war years, but after the conclusion of hostilities the subject arose anew. Relocation would have been a significant expense to the Admiralty, and the Colonial Office was informed that the dominion would accept complete withdrawal of the vessel. By 1922 naval estimates were being slashed and the Washington Naval Treaty limited the size of fleets.[36] The Admiralty therefore summarily discontinued the Newfoundland RNR, and there being no further need of her services, Briton was made available for disposition.[37]

Later use, and legacy

Briton was sold in 1922, and was used in St. John's for the storage of salt.[38][39] In 1952 she was towed to Lewisporte harbour.[40] Some thought was given to preservation,[40] but in 1968 she was towed to a coastal bay near Embree, and burned to the waterline.[41] Her hull still is there, awash in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.[42] Her anchor sits outside a local inn,[41] and other artefacts are in museums.[43]

These remnants are not her sole remaining legacy. Calypso, created as a ship of war, has given her name another training institution, but one with peaceful purposes. Inspired by the traditions of the ship where Newfoundlanders once trained to be competent and able seamen for the Royal Navy, the Calypso Foundation of Lewisporte trains developmentally disabled individuals to become productive workers and live independently.[44] This charitable foundation carries on the name of HMS Calypso.[45]

One of her 12lb deck guns was removed in 1965 and taken to the Royal Canadian Legion Branch #12 in Grand Falls, NL and was positioned on the front of the Legion building where it still sits to this day(2018. Recently a 12lb shell that was removed from that same gun in 1965 as well as a 5" shell from Calypso was turned over to the RCMP for disposal as it has been suspected to still be live. Those two shells from the Calypso sat on a shelf in the Branch 12 Military Museum for over 35 years in plain view and accessible to everyone.. ( From the Historical Committee, Royal Canadian Legion, Grand Falls Branch #12, NL

Notes

1. ^1 Winfield (2004), p.273
2. ^Winfield (2004), p.265
3. ^A screw corvette was a propeller-driven small cruiser.
4. ^1 Archibald (1971), p. 43.
5. ^Lyon (1980), pp. 21–22, 35–40.
6. ^1 Archibald (1971), p. 49.
7. ^Published sources state the class had barque rigs, Paine (2000), vol. 799, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh7CSxFeK-IC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=%22hms+calliope%22+%22warships+of+the+world+to+1900%22&source=web&ots=_lgvmBCbT5&sig=vS1I8aTj64vGgXPZfy7wjaLoctc 29], which is shown in some images. Other drawings and photographs show a ship rig, with yards and square sails on the mizzenmast. Archibald (1970), p. 49; J.S. Virtue & Co., lithograph of HMS "Calliope", 3rd Class Cruiser {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608222742/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/prints/viewRepro.cfm?reproID=PU6293 |date=2011-06-08 }} See Commons images and photographs linked below.
8. ^Harland, John H. (1985), Seamanship in the Age of Sail, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Jd_o6_s90C&pg=PA92&dq=isbn:0870219553#v=onepage&q=Calypso&f=false 172]. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis. {{ISBN|0-87021-955-3}}.
9. ^1 Navy Historical Center, HMS Calliope (1884-1951).
10. ^Paine (2000), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh7CSxFeK-IC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=%22hms+calliope%22+%22warships+of+the+world+to+1900%22&source=web&ots=_lgvmBCbT5&sig=vS1I8aTj64vGgXPZfy7wjaLoctc 29].
11. ^[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/07/02/109724344.pdf Tryon's Brilliant Tactics], The New York Times (2 July 1893), p. 16.
12. ^Dodd, Francis (1917), Admirals of the British Navy (1917–1918), Chapter [https://archive.org/stream/admiralsofbritis00dodduoft#page/n47/mode/2up X].
13. ^Hertslet, Edward (1891), The Map of Europe by Treaty, vol. IV, pp. 3288–89. Harrison and Sons, for HM Stationery Office.
14. ^1 2 Osbon (1964), p. 207.
15. ^Archibald (1971), p. 42.
16. ^Hansard, House of Commons Debate, 24 May 1886, vol. 35 cc 1834–35 (question to Secretary to the Admiralty on breakdown of machinery while with training squadron on cruise to West Indies)
17. ^Papers of Vice Admiral A C Scott, Archives, Imperial War Museum.
18. ^Johansen, Bjørn Fossli (ed.); Henriksen, Jørn; Overreinand, Øystein; and Prestvold, Kristin; Calypsobyen, Cruise Handbook for Svalbard, Norwegian Polar Institute (May 2009). The site lies within South Spitsbergen National Park.
19. ^The London Gazette, 6 October 1891, p. 5231 and 11 December 1891, p. 6846.
20. ^The London Gazette, 4 Sept 1896, p. 4991.
21. ^The London Gazette Extraordinary, 14 March 1898, pp. 1616, 1621.
22. ^Hunter, p. 39.
23. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Monday |date=1 September 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36861| }}
24. ^"Newfoundland", entry in Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events (1902), [https://books.google.com/books?id=iqsYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA385&lpg=PA385&dq=%22hms+calypso%22&source=web&ots=Jr7IWhOJ0b&sig=dVi31AozFCoywfyQV0iWIl2jUoQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#v=onepage&q=%22hms%20calypso%22&f=false Volume 6, p. 384.]
25. ^1 Hunter, p. 36.
26. ^Hunter, passim.
27. ^Hunter, p. 41. The discussion on location took place only a few years after the Fashoda Incident in 1898, where the two nations came close to war, before Imperial Germany supplanted France as Britain's principal rival and before the Anglo-French Entente of 1904, which resolved colonial difficulties.
28. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence |day_of_week=Friday |date=17 October 1902 |page_number=8 |issue=36901}}
29. ^Hunter, pp. 39, 44–45.
30. ^1 2 Hillier.
31. ^1 Parsons, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LLKqAyUl6TAC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=%22hms+calypso%22&source=bl&ots=Yv_gz52LLv&sig=EehnLdPpPxM45n9xFSFysYhOmgY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#v=onepage&q=%22hms%20calypso%22&f=false 147].
32. ^Maple Leaf, p.10 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609183749/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Commun/ml-fe/vol_11/vol11_09/1109_10.pdf |date=2011-06-09 }}.
33. ^[https://www.mun.ca/mha/viewresults/Accession_No/mha00000522 HMS Calypso fonds].
34. ^1 Jane, p. 100.
35. ^Jane, p. 57.
36. ^Hunter, pp. 47–52.
37. ^Hadley, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pDFFeppU93MC&pg=PA252&lpg=PA252&dq=%22hms+briton%22+Newfoundland&source=bl&ots=awHDn448Aj&sig=qHUtKobQgCSipkV4rG8JU1svtpI&hl=en&ei=mRW3SYXoKpX2MPbWhNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#v=onepage&q=%22hms%20briton%22%20Newfoundland&f=false 255].
38. ^Colledge (2006), p. 57.
39. ^Guide to the business collections of A.H. Murray and Company, Maritime History Archive. [https://www.mun.ca/mha/holdings/findingaids/murray.php#HMS Briton Series 7.0 HMS Briton]
40. ^1 Osbon (1963), p. 208.
41. ^1 Lewisporte.
42. ^More precisely, the hull lies in Jobs Cove, off Burnt Bay (an arm of Notre Dame Bay) on the north coast of Newfoundland. A satellite image can be accessed through the title coordinates listed above. Calypso is the larger and northly of the two hulls shown. An image is here (the hull on the left is that of Calypso), and a search of YouTube will yield amateur footage of the hull.
43. ^Exhibits: The H.M.S. Calypso/Briton, Admiralty House Museum & Archives. Room housing original artefacts.
44. ^"Community Profits", Social Enterprise in Newfoundland and Labrador (2008). p. 38; Calypso Foundation - Work Oriented Rehabilitation Centre (WORC), Community Services Council, Newfoundland and Labrador (October 2001).
45. ^Extension Service, Memorial University of Newfoundland (1978), Calypso (video), beginning at 53 seconds into 18-minute video.

References

{{reflist|2}}

Principal sources

  • {{cite book

| last =Archibald
| first =E.H.H.
| others = Ray Woodward (ill.)
| title =The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1860-1970
| publisher =Arco Publishing Co.
| year =1971
| location =New York
| isbn =0-668-02509-3 }}
  • {{Colledge}}
  • Hadley, Michael L.; Hubert, Robert Neal; & Crickard, Fred W. (1992). A Nation's Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity. McGill–Queen's University Press. {{ISBN|0-7735-1506-2}}.
  • {{cite web

| last = Hillier
| first =David
| title = Royal Naval Reserve
| work = Newfoundland and the Great War
| publisher = Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
| date = September 2004
| url = http://www.heritage.nf.ca/greatwar/articles/reserve.html
| accessdate = 31 August 2009 }}
  • [https://www.mun.ca/mha/viewresults/Accession_No/mha00000522 HMS Calypso fonds], summary of records of the vessel, including records of construction and RN service, obtained from A.H. Murray & Co., her owner from 1922–52. Maintained by Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  • Hunter, Mark C. "HMS Calypso: Locating the Newfoundland Royal Naval reserve drill ship, 1900-22". The Great Circle: Journal of the Australian Association for Maritime History, 28:1 (2006), 36-60. {{ISSN|0156-8698}}.
  • {{cite book

| last = Jane
| first = Fred T.
| title = Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War I
| publisher = Studio Editions
| year = 1990
| location = London
| isbn = 1-85170-378-0 }} Facsimile of 1919 edition Of Janes’s Fighting Ships published by Jane’s Publishing Company, supplemented by entries from 1914 edition.
  • Lewisporte, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Division of Extension Services, Decks Awash, Vo. 15, No. 3 (May–June 1986), republished by CanadaGenWeb.org. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  • The Maple Leaf (5 March 2008), Vol. 11, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609183718/http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Commun/ml-fe/vol_11/vol11_09/1109_full.pdf No. 9]. Canadian Forces. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
  • {{cite journal

| last = Osbon
| first = G. A.
| title = Passing of the steam and sail corvette: the Comus and Calliope classes
| journal = Mariner's Mirror
| volume = 49
| issue =
| pages = 193–208
| publisher = Society for Nautical Research
| location = London
| date = 1963
| issn = 0025-3359
| doi=10.1080/00253359.1963.10657732}}
  • {{cite book

| last = Paine
| first = Lincoln P.
| title = Warships of the World to 1900
| work = Warships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| location = New York
| year = 2000
| isbn = 0-395-98414-9}}.
  • Parsons, W. David (2003), "Newfoundland and the Great War", published in Canada and the Great War: Western Front Association Papers. McGill-Queen's University Press. {{ISBN|0-7735-2546-7}}.
  • {{winfield}}

External links to photographs

{{Commons category}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103533/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/greatwar/gallery/reserve/enlarge/b1722.html Black and white drawing], port bow 1/4 view, spectacular view of vessel under full sail including stunsails; appears to show ship rig.
  • Photograph, port broadside view, no sails set, yards on mizzen. Boat alongside; vessel appears to be at anchor.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227031004/http://search.stemnet.ca/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/search?pr=heritagewar&prox=page&rorder=500&rprox=500&rdfreq=500&rwfreq=500&rlead=500&sufs=0&query=calypso&submit=Submit Links to photographs] showing Calypso/Briton while in Newfoundland, including personnel, and erection on deck.
{{coord|49.2949|-55.0183|region:CA_type:landmark|display=title}}{{Calypso class corvette}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Calypso (1883)}}

6 : Calypso-class corvettes|Ships built in Chatham|1883 ships|Victorian-era corvettes of the United Kingdom|Victorian-era cruisers of the United Kingdom|Military history of Newfoundland and Labrador
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