“HMS Esperance (1795)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

HMS Esperance was launched in America in 1781, and is first listed in Lloyd's Register in 1784 under the name Clementina. She then served as a slave ship, sailing out of Liverpool. In 1786 Brent and Co. purchased her, renamed her Ellis, but still sailed her as a slaver. In 1793 she became the privateer Ellis. The French captured her, then the Spanish, and then the French recaptured her. After returning to French ownership, she became the French corvette Esperance. The Royal Navy captured her in 1795 and took her into service as HMS Esperance. Thus, in her brief military career, Esperance had changed hands four times.^[2] She was sold in 1798.

Early history

The vessel that Esperance was built in America and launched in 1781, probably under the name Clementina. She first appears in Lloyd's Register in 1783 A database of slave trading voyages by vessels from Liverpool makes clear that Clementina was a slave trader. The next year Captain J. Elworthy sailed her to West Central Africa and St Helena. He transported his slaves to South Carolina. then in 1785 Elworthy gathered slaves in the Bight of Biafra and the Gulf of Guinea Islands that he delivered to Jamaica.

In 1786 Bent & Co. purchased Clementina and renamed her Ellis, presumably after Ellis Bent. She remained in the slave trade. In 1788 Captain John Ford sailed to the Bight of Biafra and the Gulf of Guinea Islands. He delivered his slaves to the island of Grenada. The next year, 1789, Ellis was almost completely rebuilt, and from the change in subsequent reports of her burthen, enlarged.

In 1791, Captain Joseph Matthews sailed to the Gold Coast. He delivered his slaves to the island of St Vincent. During the voyage some misfortune may have befallen Matthews because command apparently transferred to Thomas Given.

In 1792, Given sailed to Bight of Biafra and the Gulf of Guinea Islands. He then delivered his slaves to Jamaica. There is a parallel record, also for 1793, that Ellis under the command of Thomas Heart, and with the same itinerary.

The history of Clementina/Ellis, as outlined in Lloyd's Register is at the end of the article in the section Lloyd's Register. The entries in Lloyd's Register are broadly consistent with respect to masters' names and years with those from the database on slave voyages.

In 1793, Bent & Co. decided to use Ellis as a privateer. Ellis, with John Levingston as master, received a letter of marque on 3 June 1793.^[3]

Three times captured (1793)

The French frigate Gracieuse, under the command of Captain Chevillard, captured Ellis on 22 July 1793.^[4]^[5]

The French took her into service as Elise.^[2] Later that summer the Spanish captured her.^[2] In November ownership returned to the French who renamed her Esperance.^[2]^[6]

On 8 June 1794, Esperance arrived in Jacmel, Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), from France with the official proclamation of the abolition of slavery,^[7]^[8] which Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, as one of the Civil Commissioners of Saint-Domingue, had already unilaterally declared for the French colony the year before amid a slave rebellion and attacks from British and Spanish forces. Ironically, Esperance also brought the news to the Civil Commissioners that the National Convention had impeached them on 16 July 1793 and ordered them to return promptly to France.^[8]^[9]^[10]{{refn|"...the corvette L'esperance dropped anchor, bearing Robespierre's warrant for the Commissioners' arrest and return to Paris to account for their stewartship."^[11]|group=Note}}

Capture (1795]

On 8 January 1795, Argonaut, under the command of Captain Alexander John Ball, captured Esperance on the North America station.^[25] Esperance was armed with 22 guns (4 and 6-pounders), and had a crew of 130 men. She was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau De St. Laurent and had been out 56 days from Rochfort, bound for the Chesapeake. Argonaut shared the prize money with {{HMS|Oiseaux|1793|2}}, under Captain Robert Murray.^[12]

The French ambassador to the United States registered a complaint with the President of the United States that Argonaut, by entering Lynnhaven bay, either before she captured Esperance or shortly thereafter, had violated a treaty between France and the United States.^[13] The French also accused the British of having brought Esperance into Lynnhaven for refitting for a cruise. The President passed the complaint to the Secretary of State, who forwarded the complaint to the Governor of Virginia. The Governor inquired into the matter of the British Consul at Virginia.^[13] The British Consul replied that the capture had taken place some 10 leagues off shore. The weather had forced Argonaut and her prize to shelter within the Chesapeake for some days, but that they had left as soon as practicable. Furthermore, Argonaut had paroled her French prisoners when she came into Lynnhaven, and if she had entered American territorial waters solely to parole her French prisoners no one would have thought that objectionable.^[14] The authorities in Virginia took a number of depositions but ultimately nothing further came of the matter.

Royal Navy service

Because she was captured in good order and sailed well, Rear Admiral George Murray, the British commander in chief of the North American station, put a British crew aboard and sent Esperance out on patrol with Lynx, under the command of John Poo Beresford, on 31 January.^[15]

On 1 March the two vessels captured the Cocarde Nationale (or National Cockade), a privateer from Charleston, South Carolina, of 14 guns, six swivels and 80 men. Esperance and Lynx recaptured the ship Norfolk, of Belfast, and the brig George, of Workington.^[15]

On 20 July, Esperance, in company with the frigates {{HMS|Thetis|1782|2}} and {{HMS|Hussar|1784|2}}, intercepted the American vessel Cincinnatus, of Wilmington, sailing from Ireland to Wilmington. They pressed many men on board, narrowly exempting the Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone, who was going to Philadelphia.^[16]

On 4 May 1796 Esperance was sailing in company with {{HMS|Spencer|1795|2}} and {{HMS|Bonetta|1797|2}} when they sighted a suspicious vessel.^[17] Spencer set off in chase while shortly thereafter Esperance saw two vessels, a schooner and a sloop, and she and Bonetta set off after them. Spencer sailed south-southeast and the other two British vessels sailed southwest by west, with the result that they lost sight of each other. Spencer captured the French gun-brig Volcan, while Bonetta and Esperance captured the schooner Poisson Volant.^[17]

Fate

Lloyd's Register

Notes, citations, and references

1. ^¹²Winfield and Roberts (2015), p. 175.
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰Winfield (2008), p. 257.
3. ^¹²³Dun, Michael. Transcription{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
4. ^Archives parlementaires de 1787 à 1860: recueil complet des débats..., p.751. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JUPu8zO5Is0C&pg=PA751&dq=Ellis+1793+Gracieuse&hl=en&ei=rS--TPyEHYP7lwfr1snjBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Ellis%20Gracieuse&f=false]
5. ^Lloyd's List n°5233 - accessed 29 September 2015.
6. ^Roche, vol.1, p.172
7. ^Cauna (2004), p.144.
8. ^¹Bell (2007), p.108.
9. ^Leger (1907), p. 71.
10. ^Laurent-Ropa (1993), p.201.
11. ^Heinl et al. (2005), p.65.
12. ^{{London Gazette|issue=15086 |page=1173|date=4 December 1798}}
13. ^¹President (1815), pp.38–9.
14. ^Pitt et al., (1875–93), p.445.
15. ^¹²{{London Gazette|issue=13799 |page=780|date=25 July 1795}}
16. ^New Monthly Magazine, Volume 19, p. 487.
17. ^¹²{{London Gazette|issue=13923|page=795|date=20 August 1796}}
18. ^{{London Gazette|issue=13809|page=896|date=29 August 1795}}
19. ^{{London Gazette|issue= 15024|page=485|date=2 June 1798}}