| 词条 | John Hoagland |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = John Hoagland | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_upright = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|06|15}} | birth_place = San Diego, California, United States | baptised = | disappeared_date = | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = {{Death date and age|1984|03|16|1947|06|15|mf=yes}} | death_place = Suchitoto, El Salvador | death_cause = Caught in crossfire, M60 machine gun | body_discovered = | resting_place = San Salvador | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = San Diego and San Salvador | nationality = United States | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = University Of California, San Diego | alma_mater = Helix High School | occupation = Photojournalist | years_active = 13 | era = | employer = Newsweek | organization = | agent = | known_for = his documentation of civil conflicts in Nicaragua, Lebanon, and El Salvador | notable_works = | style = | home_town = San Diego, California | salary = | net_worth = | height = | weight = | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | religion = | denomination = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = Eros Hoagland (son) | parents = Helen and Al Hoagland | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | callsign = | awards = Maria Moors Cabot Prize | website = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }}John Hoagland (June 15, 1947 – March 16, 1984), an experienced American photojournalist and war correspondent for Newsweek from San Diego, California, who was covering the Salvadoran Civil War in El Salvador at the time he was killed. He had covered other conflicts, including those in Nicaragua and Lebanon.[1][2] PersonalJohn Hoagland was born in San Diego, California to Helen and Al Hoagland in 1947. Hoagland was the oldest of their five children. The family was native to San Diego, where John attended Helix High School and remained for college in 1965 college at the University of California, San Diego in 1965. Hoagland studied under a world renowned scholar and author, Herbert Marcuse, who wrote Eros and Civilization along with One Dimensional Man. Marcuse, alongside another classmate of Hoagland's, Angela Davis, influenced Hoagland to become a journalist. During the Vietnam War, he applied for and received conscientious objector status.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} In 1970, Hoagland was at a massive anti-war movement in downtown Los Angeles, when the journalist Ruben Salazar was shot and killed by police. Hoagland was arrested along with his friends and his video equipment confiscated. He divorced and took his son Eros with him.[1][3][4] Hoagland's son, Eros Hoagland, is also a photographer who currently works in conflict zones around the globe.[5] CareerJohn Hoagland published photos for the Associated Press, United Press International, the Gamma Liaison news photography agency and Newsweek magazine[6] Hoagland began his career just by joining anti-war protests. Almost a year after his son, Eros Hoagland, was born he went from passive protesting to active protesting. John worked a steel welder in San Francisco, but also, he was an amateur photographer.[3] He took photographs of what he found interesting or, in some cases, corrupt. Hoagland, almost 30 years old now, went south, to Nicaragua to take photos of the Nicaraguan Revolution for Newsweek. He wanted to make a difference and get the story of this country out into the public to help the people who could not escape. After the killing of another reporter named Bill Stewart, Hoagland was one of few reporters who stayed to cover the destruction being caused in this now broken country. The partner of this journalist now needed someone else to work with, and Hoagland stepped up to help, entering a short career as a sound man. After his work had finished, he returned to still photos in 1980. He worked with reporter Ignacio Rodriguez from a Mexican newspaper and who was shot and killed by a sniper soon after in Lebanon.[7] During another escapade, also in Lebanon, Hoagland and two other journalists drove over a mine and all three suffered severe injuries, the driver at the time, Ian Mates died a few hours after due to injury.[10] Later on he journeyed to Beirut to photograph the withdrawal of the United States Marines and finally ended up in El Salvador, where he was killed.[3] Death{{Location map+ |El Salvador|width=300 | relief = 1 | float = left | caption = Sauchitoto is located in San Salvador, El Salvador. | alt = Mejicanos is located in San Salvador, El Salvador. | places = | label = San Salvador | background = #FFFFFF | position = right |lat_deg=13|lat_min=41|lat_sec=24 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=89|lon_min=11|lon_sec=24|lon_dir=W}} | label =San Salvador | background = #FFFFFF | position = right |lat_deg=13|lat_min=41|lat_sec=24 |lat_dir=N |lon_deg=89|lon_min=11|lon_sec=24|lon_dir=W}} }}At the time of his death, John Hoagland was a contract photographer for Newsweek.[8] On March 16, 1984, John Hoagland and Robert Nickelsberg of Time magazine, along with a few cameramen{{who|date=December 2016}} from CBS News, were entering an area of danger along a road between San Salvador and Suchitoto, El Salvador. The area had been secluded off because of multiple gun fights starting, but the journalists were allowed entry "at their own risk" to reach the city of Suchitoto. Hoagland and company knew that the area made them vulnerable to ambushes. They entered the area and were ambushed by the Salvadoran guerrillas. The news teams took cover among small hills that were covered in grass, and as Hoagland went to kneel down he yelled that he had been hit. A single bullet from a large caliber M-60 weapon to Hoagland's back made him bleed out. The bullets continued to fly, kicking dust up as they swept past. Hoagland had died merely 15 seconds after being hit, but no one knew until after the firefight had been broken up by the Salvadoran army.[1] ContextThe civil war was started after the assassination of the Archbishop Óscar Romero on March 24, 1980. The assassination had been done by the Salvadoran military, and the guerillas were created to combat them and their misdoings. The Archbishop had been leading mass when he was killed, speaking to the soldiers that they should disobey orders to torture and murder, as it would only lead to their downfall. The war had also been stirred up by social inequality, the repressive military, and poverty that had spread throughout the country.[9] ImpactJohn Hoagland was one of 35 journalists whose names appeared on "death lists" by Salvadoran death squads.[8] A total of 16 journalists were killed in the conflict besides Hoagland. The others who died covering the war were Richard Cross (journalist)|Richard Cross (Honduras), Oliver Rebbot (El Salvador)), Ian Mates (El Salvador)), Ignacio Rodriguez (El Salvador), Bill Stewart (Nicaragua), John Sullivan (journalist) (El Salvador), Dial Torgerson (Honduras), Rene Tamsen (El Salvador),Jaime Suarez (El Salvador), Caesar Najorro (El Salvador), Linda Frazier (Nicaragua), Koos Koster (El Salvador), Jan Kuiper (El Salvador), Hans Ter Laag (El Salvador), and Johannes Willemsen (El Salvador). ReactionsRobert Nickelsberg, a fellow photographer from Time magazine, said "He was a good man who worked very hard, loved what he did and none of us really need this at this point, but those are the risks."[1] Ivan Montesinos, a Salvadoran reporter for UPI, states "He was no fool, when you went into the field with him, I felt safe because he knew how to move between the shots."[10] Ulises Rodriguez, a young inspired journalist, said "I must have been 10 years old when I saw a foreign journalist wandering around downtown... I asked what it took to be a photographer like him and he said study photojournalism and journalism. Years after, I found out that man was John Hoagland."[8] In popular cultureThe journalist and photographer 'John Cassidy,' played by John Savage in the 1986 movie Salvador was loosely based on Hoagland.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Awards
Publications
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|first= Lydia |last=Chavez|title=US Photographer is shot dead covering a battle in El Salvador |publisher=New York Times |date=March 17, 1984 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/17/world/us-photographer-is-shot-dead-covering-a-battle-in-el-salvador.html}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoagland, John}}2. ^{{cite news|first=Diego|last=Chavez |title= El Salvador: From Bloody Civil War To Devastating Criminal Violence |publisher=Stratfor |date=October 9, 2016}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news |title=The Camera Is a Shield: John Hoagland, Combat Photographer |last=Jaffe |first=Maggie |publisher=War, Literature and the Arts |date=September 1998 |url=http://www.1400ml.com/thedagger/archive/elsal/index.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515020958/http://www.1400ml.com/thedagger/archive/elsal/index.html |archivedate=2011-05-15 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web|last=Tweed |first=Tom |url=http://members.rennlist.com/tweedt/johnH.htm |title=Camera With a Conscience: A personal remembrance and tribute to my friend and long-time surf buddy |publisher=Diversity, Justice and Imagination: Quarterly newsletter for the Thurgood Marshall College (UCSD) |year=1994}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Conflict Photographer Eros Hoagland on His Dangerous Craft|first=Eros |last=Hoagland|publisher=The Daily Beast |date=November 5, 2012|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/11/05/conflict-photographer-eros-hoagland-on-his-dangerous-craft.html}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=damsker |first=Matt |title=War Photos Strike Note Of Empathy |publisher=LA Times |date=February 9, 1985 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-02-09/entertainment/ca-4216_1_salvadoran-national-guardsmen}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=John Hoagland: Frontline Photographer |publisher=CBS News|date= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCMJLObzJbc}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite news|author=Associated Press|title=Relatives, friends mourn photographer|publisher=Gadsden Times|date=March 16, 1984 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19840316&id=cdEfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cdYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1359,3662943 }} 9. ^1 {{cite news|first=Owen |last=McNally|title=Raising awareness by camera |publisher=Hartford Courant |date= November 12, 1999|url=http://articles.courant.com/1999-11-12/features/9911121026_1_el-salvador-land-mine-third-world}} 10. ^{{cite news|first=Jesus |last=Ceberio|title=John Hoagland: Un profesional del peligro |publisher=El País|date=March 20, 1984|url= http://elpais.com/diario/1984/03/20/ultima/448585208_850215.html}} 13 : 1947 births|1984 deaths|American conscientious objectors|American photojournalists|War photographers|American war correspondents|Assassinated American journalists|Journalists killed while covering military conflicts|Maria Moors Cabot Prize winners|University of California, San Diego alumni|Photography in Lebanon|People murdered in El Salvador|Deaths by firearm in El Salvador |
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