| 词条 | John I of France |
| 释义 |
| name = John the Posthumous | image = John I of France.jpg | caption = Tomb effigy of John the Posthumous | reign = 15–20 November 1316 | succession = King of France and Navarre | coronation = | predecessor = Louis X and I | successor = Philip V and II | house = Capet | father = Louis X of France | mother = Clementia of Hungary | birth_date = 15 November 1316 | birth_place = Paris, France | death_date = 20 November 1316 (aged {{age in days|1316|11|15|1316|11|20}} days) | death_place = Paris, France | burial_place = Saint Denis Basilica }}John I (15–20 November 1316), called the Posthumous, was King of France and Navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of Louis X, for the five days he lived in 1316. John is the thirteenth French king from the House of Capet. He is the youngest person to be King of France, the only one to have borne that title from birth, and the only one to hold the title for his entire life. His reign is the shortest of any French king.[1] Although considered a king today, his status was not recognized until chroniclers and historians in later centuries began numbering John II, thereby acknowledging John I's brief reign.[2] John reigned for five days under the regency of his uncle, Philip the Tall, until his death on 20 November 1316. His death ended the three centuries of father-to-son succession to the French throne. The infant king was buried in Saint Denis Basilica. He was succeeded by his uncle, Philip, whose contested legitimacy led to the re-affirmation of the Salic law, which excluded women from the line of succession to the French throne. ConsequencesThe child mortality rate was very high in medieval Europe and John may have died from any number of causes, but rumours of poisoning spread immediately after his death (including one which said that he had been murdered with a pin by his aunt),[3] as many people benefited from it, and as John's father also died in strange circumstances. The cause of his death is still not known today.[4] The premature death of John brought the first issue of succession of the Capetian dynasty. When Louis X, his father, died without a son to succeed him, it was the first time since Hugh Capet that the succession from father to son of the kings of France was interrupted. It was then decided to wait until his pregnant widow, Clementia of Hungary, delivered the child. The king's brother, Philip the Tall, was in charge of the regency of the kingdom against his uncle Charles of Valois. The birth of a male child was expected to give France its king. The problem of succession returned when John died five days after birth. Philip ascended the throne at the expense of John's four-year-old half-sister, Joan, daughter of Louis X and Margaret of Burgundy. Supposed survivalVarious legends circulated about this royal child. First, it was claimed that his uncle, Philip the Tall, had him poisoned. Then, a strange story a few decades later started the rumor that the little King John was not dead. During the captivity of John the Good (1356-1360), a man named Giannino Baglioni claimed to be John I and thus the heir to the throne. He tried to assert his rights, but was captured in Provence and died in captivity in 1363.[5] In The Man Who Believed He Was King of France, Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri suggests that Cola di Rienzo manufactured false evidence that Baglioni was John the Posthumous in order to strengthen his own power in Rome by placing Baglioni on the French throne. Shortly after they met in 1354, di Rienzo was assassinated, and Baglioni waited two years to report his claims. He went to the Hungarian court where Louis I of Hungary, nephew of Clementia of Hungary, recognized him as the son of Louis and Clementia. In 1360, Baglioni went to Avignon, but Pope Innocent VI refused to receive him. After several attempts to gain recognition, he was arrested and imprisoned in Naples, where he died in 1363.[5] Maurice Druon's historical novel series Les Rois maudits dramatises this theory. In La Loi des mâles (1957), the infant John is temporarily switched with the child of Guccio Baglioni and Marie de Cressay as a decoy. He is subsequently poisoned by Mahaut, Countess of Artois, in order to place John's uncle (and Mahaut's son-in-law), Philippe, Count of Poitiers, on the throne. Marie is coerced into secretly raising John as her own son, named Giannino Baglioni. An adult Giannino was portrayed by Jean-Gérard Sandoz in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Lorans Stoica in the 2005 adaptation. Ancestry{{ahnentafel|collapsed=yes |align=center |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. John I of France |2= 2. Louis X of France |3= 3. Clementia of Hungary |4= 4. Philip IV of France |5= 5. Joan I of Navarre |6= 6. Charles Martel of Anjou |7= 7. Clementia of Habsburg |8= 8. Philip III of France |9= 9. Isabella of Aragon |10= 10. Henry I of Navarre |11= 11. Blanche of Artois |12= 12. Charles II of Naples |13= 13. Mária of Hungary |14= 14. Rudolph I of Germany |15= 15. Gertrude of Hohenburg }} See also
References1. ^Louis XIX, who reigned for 20 minutes in 1830, had a shorter reign, but the legitimacy of his succession is disputed. 2. ^{{Cite book|last=Giesey|first=Ralph E.|year=2007|title=Le rôle méconnu de la Loi Salique: La succession royale, XIVe-XVIe siècles|url=|publisher=Les Belles Lettres|place=Paris}} 3. ^Magnificent Monarchs (Fact Attack series) p. 23 by Ian Locke; published by MacMillan in 1999; {{ISBN|978-0330-374965}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.histoire-et-secrets.com/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=101|title=Histoire et Secrets - découvrir l'histoire de France et du monde - Jean Ier : un règne de quatre jours|author=Histoire et secrets|work=histoire-et-secrets.com |language=fr}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Man Who Believed He Was King of France |url=https://books.google.com/?id=JQYeK7v1oJkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Man+Who+Believed+He+Was+King+of+France#v=onepage&q=The%20Man%20Who%20Believed%20He%20Was%20King%20of%20France&f=false |first=Tommaso di |last=Carpegna Falconieri |date=September 19, 2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=224 |isbn=978-0-226-14525-9 |others=Translated by William McCuaig}} Further reading
|-{{s-vac|last=Louis the Quarreler}}{{s-ttl|title=King of France and Navarre|years=15 November{{spaced ndash}}20 November 1316}}{{s-aft|after=Philip the Tall}}{{s-end}}{{Monarchs of France}}{{Navarrese monarchs}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:John 01 Of France}} 10 : 1316 births|1316 deaths|14th-century French monarchs|People from Paris|Burials at the Basilica of St Denis|Kings of France|House of Capet|Rulers who died as children|Medieval child rulers|14th-century French people |
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