1. History

2. Recent developments

3. State visits

4. See also

5. References

6. External links

Holy See–United Kingdom relations are foreign relations between the Holy See and the United Kingdom.

History

During the Middle Ages and until the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were Catholic kingdoms with diplomatic relations with the Papal States. In 1479, King Edward IV appointed John Sherwood as the first Resident Ambassador in the Papal States. Diplomatic relations were broken in 1536 following the establishment of the Anglican Church by King Henry VIII. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1553 under Queen Mary I, who appointed Sir Edward Carne as her Ambassador. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I diplomatic relations were broken again due to the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis in 1570, and Sir Edward Carne was recalled. Official relations with the Papal States were then prohibited by law. The two countries nevertheless had occasional contacts. In 1621, the English court despatched George Gage to the Papal court in order to obtain permission for King Charles I to marry the Spanish infanta, a marriage that in the event did not take place. But when Charles I married a French Catholic princess named Henrietta Maria, he obtained the blessing of Pope Gregory XV, who used the opportunity to despatch Gregorio Panzani to England as his envoy. Panzani was followed as papal envoy by the Scottish Franciscan George Conn.

In 1686, King James VII of Scotland and II of England despatched as envoy to the Papal States the Earl of Castlemaine and received as papal envoy Count Fernando D'Adda. Relations were broken again following the Glorious Revolution in 1688. The Papal States recognised James Francis Edward Stuart as James VIII and III until his death in 1766, but not his son Charles, which gave subtle recognition to the reigning House of Hanover. This helped start the reform of the anti-Catholic penal laws, achieved in part by the Quebec Act and the Papists Act 1778. Sir John Coxe Hippisley's brief mission to Rome to explore the possibility of restoring relations failed in 1779–1780.

Unofficial relations were formed again during the French Revolution, as both the British and the Papal courts were interested in coordinating policies against the spread of the revolution across Europe. In 1792, The British court despatched Sir John Coxe Hippisley to Rome as envoy, a position he held until 1795. The papal court despatched Monsignor Charles Erskine to London as envoy, a position he held until 1801. Both countries found themselves at various times enemies of France during this period and therefore had a degree of commonality of interests, not least because of the dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution and the French establishment of the Roman Republic of 1798–99.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into existence in 1801 with the union of the Kingdom of Ireland to Great Britain , which had been formed by the union of the Kingdoms of Scotland and England in 1707. With the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, all of Ireland became an independent dominion. Northern Ireland exercised its right under that treaty to separate from the remainder of Ireland and maintain the union with Great Britain, which created the current state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The Holy See is the pre-eminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church and recognised in international law as a sovereign entity with which diplomatic relations can be maintained.^[1] Pastor Bonus, an apostolic constitution, defines the Vatican's diplomatic relations with states as the Holy See.^[2]

Due to the continuity of the Holy See from early times, it is possible to see that the various parts of the United Kingdom had relations with the Holy See prior to their incorporation within the Union (and in Ireland's case, following it - see Holy See – Ireland relations).

Following the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829, legal obstacles to relations with the Papal States were removed, but the British government still refrained from accrediting an envoy to Rome, though British envoys to some Italian city states were also charged with conducting negotiations with the Papal Court. During the Irish tenants'-rights Plan of Campaign in the 1880s, the Papacy condemned the activities in the encyclical "Saepe Nos" (1888), even though most of the tenants were Catholics.^[3]

The United Kingdom did not re-establish relations with the Holy See until December 1914, following the outbreak of the First World War, as the British government was apprehensive about possible growing German and Austrian influence over Vatican policies. The first envoy selected was Henry Howard, a British Catholic, who was followed by the 7th Count de Salis. In order to maintain that this diplomatic mission was temporary in nature, it was titled "Special Mission to the Vatican". Only in 1923 was the mission's title changed to "His Majesty's Legation to the Holy See".

In May 1949, Princess Margaret Rose of Britain visited Pope Pius XII in the Vatican City. It was the first visit of a British Royal to the Holy See after hundreds of years.^[4]

The problem of Northern Ireland has been a major issue in British-Vatican relations, and during the 1970s the Holy See expressed its hopes for a speedy and just solution on the issue. On 1 June 1974, Pope Paul VI called on all armed factions to take part in peace talks:^[5]

The Holy See also supported the British efforts at bringing to an end to racial segregation in Rhodesia (present day Zimbabwe)^[6] and commended Queen Elizabeth II for her activities for peace among nations, and for peace between Catholics and Anglicans.^[7]

Recent developments

Full relations were recognised in 1982 when Pope John Paul II visited the UK. This led to the first full exchange of ambassadors between the UK and the Holy See that year.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

On 9 September 2011, Ambassador Nigel Marcus Baker presented his credentials to Pope Benedict XVI. In his speech, the British Ambassador presented three main goals of Vatican-UK relations, namely facing existential threats such as climate change and nuclear proliferation, promoting interfaith dialogue to achieve peace and working to reduce world poverty.^[8]

The UK Embassy to the Holy See is co-located with the UK Embassy to the Republic of Italy at Via XX Settembre in Rome, following the 2006 closure of the rented building that had served as the UK's Embassy to the Holy See. Some in the Vatican protested the co-location of the UK's embassies, complaining that senior officials of the Holy See should not be required to visit the UK embassy to Italy, a country with which the Holy See has an entirely different and at times fractious relationship.^[9]

The Holy See's Nunciature to Great Britain is the diplomatic post of the Holy See whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio to Great Britain with the rank of an ambassador. The office of the nunciature is located at 54 Parkside, Wimbledon Village, London.

State visits

Queen Elizabeth II first visited the Vatican during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, before her own accession. Her second visit to the Vatican was a private visit (during a state visit to the Italian Republic) on 5 May 1962 when she was received by Pope John XXIII. She made two State Visits during the pontificate of John Paul II in 1980 and 2000.

The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall met Pope Benedict XVI at the Vatican on 27 April 2009. Prince Charles and his second wife, Camilla, were granted a private audience with the pontiff. It was Charles's first audience at the Vatican since his divorce from the late Princess Diana.^[10]

Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, while visiting Italian President Giorgio Napolitano in Rome, has an informal visit with Pope Francis on 3 April 2014. It was her seventh encounter with a pope and the fifth different pope she has met.^[13]

The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall met Pope Francis for the first time on 4 April 2017. The royal couple were given a private audience at the Vatican and spent around half an hour in a private audience with Pope Francis. Camilla, reflecting the Pontiff's more relaxed attitude towards dress codes, dispensed with the British royal tradition of wearing black with a head covering for the audience.^[14]

See also

• List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to the Holy See
• Foreign relations of the Holy See
• Roman Catholicism in Scotland
• Roman Catholicism in Ireland
• Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom
• Roman Catholicism in England and Wales
• Italy–United Kingdom relations (covering the present territory of the former Papal States)

References

Additionalources

• Thomas E. Hachey (ed.), Anglo–Vatican Relations 1914–1939: Confidential Annual Reports of the British Ministers to the Holy See (Boston, 1972)

External links

• Information on English-Papal relations, from website of the British Foreigh and Commonwealth Office
• "The UK, the Holy See, and diplomacy" Cardinal Hume Memorial Lecture 2010

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