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词条 Holy See–United States relations
释义

  1. History

     1797–1867  1867–1984  1984–present 

  2. See also

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between Holy See and the United States of America}}{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Holy See-United States|Holy See|United States}}

United States–Holy See relations are bilateral relations between the United States and the Holy See. The principal U.S. official is Ambassador Callista Gingrich. The Holy See is represented by its Apostolic Nuncio, Archbishop Christophe Pierre, who assumed office on April 12, 2016. The U.S. Embassy to the Holy See is located in Rome, in the Villa Domiziana. The Nunciature to the United States is located in Washington, D.C., at 3339 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.

History

1797–1867

The United States maintained consular relations with the Papal States from 1797 under President George Washington and Pope Pius VI to 1867 and President Andrew Johnson and Pope Pius IX. Diplomatic relations existed with the Pope, in his capacity as head of state of the Papal States, from 1848 under President James K. Polk to 1867 under President Andrew Johnson, though not at the ambassadorial level. These relations lapsed when on February 28, 1867 Congress passed legislation that prohibited any future funding to United States diplomatic missions to the Holy See. This decision was based on mounting anti-Catholic sentiment in the United States,[1] fueled by the conviction and hanging of Mary Surratt, a Catholic, for taking part in the conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln. Her son, John Surratt, also Catholic, was accused of plotting with John Wilkes Booth in the assassination. He was given sanctuary by the Roman Catholic Church and fled to Italy where he served as a Papal Zouave. There was also an allegation that the Pope had forbidden the celebration of Protestant religious services, previously held weekly in the home of the American Minister in Rome, within the walls of the city.[2]

1867–1984

From 1867 to 1984, the United States did not have diplomatic relations with the Holy See. Several presidents designated personal envoys to visit the Holy See periodically for discussions of international humanitarian and political issues. Postmaster General James Farley was the first of these representatives. Farley was the first high ranking government official to normalize relations with the Holy See in 1933 when the Postmaster General set sail for Europe, along with Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov on the Italian Liner {{SS|Conte di Savoia}}. In Italy, Farley had an audience with Pope Pius XI, and dinner with Cardinal Pacelli, who was to succeed to the papacy in 1939.[3] Myron Charles Taylor served Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman from 1939 to 1950.[4]

Presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan also appointed personal envoys to the Pope. Also, all of these presidents, in addition to Truman,[5] Eisenhower,[6] Kennedy,[7] Johnson,[8] and all later presidents, along with the first ladies clad in black dresses and veils, have sought the papal blessing, typically during the first few months of their administrations, and usually traveling to the Vatican to do so.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

On October 20, 1951, President Truman nominated former General Mark W. Clark to be the United States emissary to the Holy See. Clark later withdrew his nomination on January 13, 1952, following protests from Senator Tom Connally (D-TX) and Protestant groups. The official prohibition lasted until September 22, 1983, when it was repealed by the "Lugar Act".[20]

The Vatican has historically been accused of being un-American, at least until the presidency of John F. Kennedy (see Americanism (heresy), nativism and anti-Catholicism in the United States). The bulk of the accusation is found in Paul Blanshard's book American Freedom and Catholic Power, which attacked the Holy See on grounds that it was a dangerous, powerful, foreign and undemocratic institution.

1984–present

The United States and the Holy See announced the establishment of diplomatic relations on January 10, 1984.[21][22] In sharp contrast to the long record of strong domestic opposition, this time there was very little opposition from Congress, the courts, and Protestant groups.[23] On March 7, 1984, the Senate confirmed William A. Wilson as the first U.S. ambassador to the Holy See. Ambassador Wilson had been President Reagan's personal envoy to the Pope since 1981.[22] The Holy See named Archbishop Pio Laghi as the first Apostolic Nuncio (equivalent to ambassador) of the Holy See to the U.S.[22] Archbishop Laghi had been Pope John Paul II's apostolic delegate to the Catholic Church in the United States since 1980. Relations between President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II were close especially because of their shared anti-communism and keen interest in forcing the Soviets out of Poland.[24]

Also, the two men forged a common bond over having survived assassination attempts just six weeks apart in the spring of 1981.

Following the September 11 attacks and the beginning of the US war on terrorism from 2001, the Vatican has been critical of the war on terrorism in general, and particularly critical of the US policies in Iraq.[25] On July 10, 2009, President Barack Obama and Pope Benedict XVI met in Rome.[26] A planned relocation of the U.S. embassy to the Holy See to the same location as the U.S. embassy to Italy drew criticism from several former U.S. ambassadors.[27] On March 27, 2014, Obama and Pope Francis met in Rome; this was followed by Pope Francis's 2015 visit to North America in September 2015, where, after visiting Cuba, he came to the U.S., and participated in the World Meeting of Families in Philadelphia, and also visited Washington, D.C., and New York City.[28]

In June 2015, the United States and the Holy See concluded their first inter-governmental agreement which aims at curtailing offshore tax evasion through automatic exchange of tax information.[29]

See also

  • Foreign policy of the United States
  • Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See
  • Catholic Church and politics in the United States

References

1. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.iwp.edu/news_publications/detail/us-vatican-relations-25th-anniversary-and-a-new-president|title= US-Vatican Relations: 25th Anniversary and a New President|first1= Thomas P.|last1= Melady|first2= Timothy R.|last2= Stebbins|date= Spring 2009|publisher= The Institute of World Politics|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140116134230/http://www.iwp.edu/news_publications/detail/us-vatican-relations-25th-anniversary-and-a-new-president|archivedate= January 16, 2014|deadurl= no|accessdate= May 1, 2011}}
2. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.lpca.us/us%20and%20vatican.htm|title= The United States and the Holy See: The Long Road|first= Jim|last= Nicholson|authorlink= Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)|year= 2004|publisher= Legionnaires Praying for the Clergy Apostolate|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070527084930/http://www.lpca.us/us%20and%20vatican.htm|archivedate= May 27, 2007|deadurl= no|quote= The critics finally won out in 1867 when Congress withdrew all funding for the legation in Rome. The apparent reason was a rumor relating to the religious freedom of Protestants in the Papal States. From the beginning of the legation in Rome, Papal authorities had allowed the celebration of Protestant religious services in the home of the American Minister. When the services grew, they were moved to a rented apartment under the seal of the American Legation to accommodate the participants. The news floating around Washington and being reported in the New York Times was that the Pope had forced the protestant group outside the walls of Rome. This, according to Rufus King, the American Minister himself, was untrue in its entirety.}}
3. ^{{cite book|last= Farley|first= James|authorlink= James Farley|title= Jim Farley's Story: The Roosevelt Years|publisher = McGraw Hill|year= 1948|location= New York City|pages = |url= https://archive.org/stream/jimfarleysstory017770mbp/jimfarleysstory017770mbp_djvu.txt|isbn= 978-1430450610}}
4. ^John S. Conway, "Myron C. Taylor's Mission to the Vatican 1940–1950." Church History 44.1 (1975): 85-99.
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/05/21/archives/the-trumans-meet-the-pope-during-vatican-visit-trumans-visit-pope.html |title=The Trumans Meet the Pope During Vatican Visit; Truman in Cutaway Coat |publisher=New York Times |archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl=no |df= }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/eisenhower-dwight-d |title=Travels of President Dwight D. Eisenhower |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63goC10Wd?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/eisenhower-dwight-d |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/kennedy-john-f |title=Travels of President John F. Kennedy |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63goGt8ev?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/kennedy-john-f |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/travels/sub-index/index_onu.htm |title=Pope Paul VI Visit to the United Nations, 1964 |publisher=Vatican.va |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FBmvicRJ?url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/travels/sub-index/index_onu.htm |archivedate=March 17, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}
9. ^List of meetings between the Pope and the President of the United States
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/nixon-richard-m |title=Travels of President Richard M. Nixon |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63goRswKm?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/nixon-richard-m |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/ford-gerald-r |title=Travels of President Gerald R. Ford |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63goWGZIu?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/ford-gerald-r |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |title=Holy See Press Office - His Holiness Pope John Paul II Biography |publisher=Vatican.va |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/630UizQQi?url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |archivedate=November 7, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/reagan-ronald |title=Travels of President Ronald Reagan |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63gpFw8s3?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/reagan-ronald |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/bush-george-h-w |title=Travels of President George H.W. Bush |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63gpLb7Kk?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/bush-george-h-w |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/clinton-william-j |title=Travels of President William J. Clinton |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63gpQXGGe?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/clinton-william-j-iii |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/bush-george-w |title=Travels of President George W. Bush |publisher=U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63gpXL2sh?url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/bush-george-w |archivedate=December 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8144753.stm |title=Obama holds first talks with Pope |date=July 10, 2009 |publisher=BBC News |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FBqtp085?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8144753.stm |archivedate=March 17, 2013 |deadurl=no |accessdate=August 2, 2010 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0903142.htm |title=Presidents and popes: Obama is 12th US president to visit Vatican |first=Cindy |last=Wooden |date=July 10, 2009 |publisher=Catholic News Service |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FC3FBRNR?url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0903142.htm |archivedate=March 17, 2013 |deadurl=no |accessdate=October 25, 2010 |df= }}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Trump 'determined to pursue peace' after Pope meeting|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-40023725|website=BBC News}}
20. ^{{cite web |url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926427-1,00.html|title= Religion: Recognition for the Holy See|date= December 26, 1983|publisher= Time|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141004035332/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926427-1,00.html|archivedate=October 4, 2014 |deadurl= no|accessdate= May 1, 2011}}
21. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|title= Bilateral Relations of the Holy See|year= 2014|publisher= Vatican.va|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|archivedate= July 9, 2014|deadurl= no}}
22. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3819.htm|title= U.S. Relations With the Holy See|date= October 31, 2013|publisher= United States Department of State|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140929091908/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3819.htm|archivedate= September 29, 2014|deadurl= no}}
23. ^Andrew M. Essig, and Jennifer L. Moore. "US-Holy See Diplomacy: The Establishment of Formal Relations, 1984." Catholic Historical Review (2009) 95#4, pp. 741-764741-764. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27745671 online]
24. ^Marie Gayte, "The Vatican and the Reagan Administration: A Cold War Alliance?." Catholic Historical Review (2011) 97#4 pp. 713-736 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23053064 online]
25. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cfr.org/religion/us-vatican-relations/p9751|title= U.S.-Vatican Relations|first1= Lee Hudson|last1= Teslik|first2= Toni|last2= Johnson|date= July 14, 2009|publisher= Council on Foreign Relations|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130903165014/http://www.cfr.org/religion/us-vatican-relations/p9751|archivedate= September 3, 2013|deadurl= no}}
26. ^{{cite news|first= Michael|last= Saul|title= President Obama, Pope Benedict XVI meet for first time in Rome|url= http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-pope-benedict-xvi-meet-time-rome-article-1.427042|work= New York Daily News|date= July 10, 2009|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131223041744/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-pope-benedict-xvi-meet-time-rome-article-1.427042|archivedate= December 23, 2013|deadurl= no|accessdate= July 12, 2009}}
27. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/decision-to-move-us-embassy-to-vatican-sparks-controversy/|title= Decision to move US embassy to Vatican sparks controversy|first= Kevin|last= Jones|date= November 27, 2013|publisher= Catholic News Agency|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131209232211/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/decision-to-move-us-embassy-to-vatican-sparks-controversy/|archivedate= December 9, 2013|deadurl= no|accessdate= December 15, 2013}}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/26/politics/obama-pope-meeting-politics/|title= Obama, Pope Francis meet for first time|first= Halimah|last= Abdullah|date= March 27, 2014|publisher= CNN|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140328031356/http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/26/politics/obama-pope-meeting-politics/|archivedate=March 28, 2014 |deadurl= no}}
29. ^{{cite web | url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/vaticano-vatican-41666/| title=Vatican and US sign first governmental agreement to report tax evasion|first= Joshua|last= Mcelwee|publisher=Vatican Insider— La Stampa| date=June 10, 2015|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150711104947/http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/the-vatican/detail/articolo/vaticano-vatican-41666/|archivedate= July 11, 2015|deadurl= no| accessdate=July 10, 2015}}

External links

  • [https://history.state.gov/countries/holy-see History of Holy See - U.S. relations]
  • The Pope and the Presidents: the Italian Unification and the American Civil War, 2015 Ph.D. dissertation
{{Commons category-inline|Relations of the United States and the Holy See}}{{StateDept}} http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3819.htm#relations{{Foreign relations of the Holy See}}{{Foreign relations of the United States |expanded=Bilateral}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Holy See-United States relations}}

3 : Holy See–United States relations|Bilateral relations of the Holy See|Bilateral relations of the United States
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