“Johnnie Ray”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Highly popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor to what would become rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music and his animated stage personality.^[1] Tony Bennett called Ray the "father of rock and roll,"^[2] and historians have noted him as a pioneering figure in the development of the genre.{{Sfn|Wald|2011|p=164}}

Raised in Oregon, Ray, who was partially deaf, began singing professionally at age fifteen on Portland radio stations. He would later gain a local following singing at small, predominantly African-American nightclubs in Detroit, where he was discovered in 1951 and subsequently signed to Columbia Records. He rose quickly from obscurity in the United States with the release of his debut album, Johnnie Ray (1952), as well as with a 78 rpm single, both of whose sides reached the Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1952: "Cry" and "The Little White Cloud That Cried".^[3]

In 1954, Ray made his first and only major motion picture, There's No Business Like Show Business, in which he, Ethel Merman, Marilyn Monroe and others were part of an ensemble cast. His career in his native United States began to decline in 1957, and his American record label dropped him in 1960.^[4] He never regained a strong following there and rarely appeared on American television after 1973.^[5] His fanbases in the United Kingdom and Australia, however, remained strong until his death in 1990 of complications from liver failure.^[6]

British Hit Singles & Albums noted that Ray was "a sensation in the 1950s, the heart-wrenching vocal delivery of 'Cry' ... influenced many acts including Elvis and was the prime target for teen hysteria in the pre-Presley days."{{Sfn|Roberts|2006|p=451}} Ray's dramatic stage performances and melancholic songs have been credited by music historians as precursory to later performers, ranging from Leonard Cohen to Morrissey.{{Sfn|Rodriguez|2006|p=104}}

Early life

Johnnie Ray was born January 10, 1927, in Dallas, Oregon, to parents Elmer and Hazel (née Simkins) Ray.^[7] Along with older sister Elma, Ray spent part of his childhood on a farm and attended grade school in Dallas. Ray began playing the piano at age three, and beginning at age twelve, sang in the local church choir.^[6] After the United States entered World War II, the family moved to Portland, Oregon, where Ray attended Franklin High School.{{Sfn|Wood|1956|p=152}}

At age thirteen, Ray became deaf in his left ear following a mishap that occurred during a Boy Scout ritual called a "blanket toss." In later years, Ray performed wearing a hearing aid. Surgery performed in 1958 left him almost completely deaf in both ears, although hearing aids helped his condition. Ray credited his deafness as pivotal to his career and performance style saying: "My need for sincerity traces back to when I was a child and lost my hearing. I became withdrawn. I had an emotional need to develop a relationship to other people."^[6] After graduating high school, Ray worked as a soda jerk, bus boy, and as a mill worker in Salem, Oregon.^[10] In the interim, he did jobs playing piano at clubs in Salem and Portland.^[10]

Career

Early career and success

Inspired by rhythm singers like Kay Starr, LaVern Baker and Ivory Joe Hunter, Ray developed a unique rhythm-based singing style, described as alternating between pre-rock R&B and a more conventional classic pop approach.^[1] He began singing professionally on a Portland, Oregon, radio station at age 15,^[7] sharing billing with Jane Powell, then a local young singer herself.^[10]

He later performed in comedy shows and theatrical productions in Seattle, Washington,^[6] before relocating to Detroit, Michigan. In Detroit, Ray would regularly perform at the Flame Showbar, an African American nightclub, where he developed a local following.^[8] While performing at the Flame Showbar, Ray attracted the attention of Bernie Lang, a song plugger, who saw him perform with local DJ, Robin Seymour of WKMH. Lang went to New York to sell the singer to Danny Kessler of the Okeh label, a subsidiary of Columbia Records. Kessler came over from New York, and he, Lang and Seymour went to the Flame. According to Seymour, Kessler's reaction was, "Well, I don't know. This kid looks well on the stand, but he will never go on records."

It was Seymour and Lowell Worley of the local office of Columbia who persuaded Kessler to have a test record made of Ray. Worley arranged for a record to be cut at the United Sound Studios in Detroit. Seymour told reporter Dick Osgood that there was a verbal agreement that he would be cut in on the three-way deal in the management of Ray. But the deal mysteriously evaporated, and so did Seymour's friendship with Kessler.^[9]

Ray's first record, the self-penned R&B number for Okeh Records, "Whiskey and Gin," was a minor hit in 1951. The following year he dominated the charts with the double-sided hit single of "Cry" and "The Little White Cloud That Cried."^[10] Selling over two million copies of the 78rpm single, Ray's delivery struck a chord with teenagers and he quickly became a teen idol.^[11] When executives at Columbia Records, the parent company of Okeh, realized that the Caucasian Ray had developed a fan base of white listeners, he was moved over to the Columbia label.^[12]

The live television broadcast of Toast of the Town on January 6, 1952 included the first of his several appearances on the widely seen American program that officially changed its title in 1955 to The Ed Sullivan Show.^[13]

Ray's performing style included theatrics later associated with rock and roll, including tearing at his hair, falling to the floor, and crying onstage.^[8] Ray quickly earned the nicknames "Mr. Emotion", "The Nabob of Sob", and "The Prince of Wails",^[10] and several others.^[14]

In the 1950s, after both sides of the single "Cry"/"The Little White Cloud That Cried" ran their course, more hit songs followed. They included "Please, Mr. Sun", "Such a Night," "Walkin' My Baby Back Home," "A Sinner Am I" and "Yes Tonight Josephine." He had a United Kingdom number 1 hit with "Just Walkin' in the Rain" (which Ray initially disliked)^[10] during the Christmas season in 1956. He hit again in 1957 with "You Don't Owe Me a Thing," which reached number 10 on the Billboard charts in the United States. Though his American popularity was declining in 1957, he remained popular in the United Kingdom, breaking the attendance record at the London Palladium formerly set by fellow Columbia Records artist Frankie Laine. In later years, he retained a loyal fan base overseas, particularly in Australia.^[16]

Later career

Ray had a close relationship with journalist and television game show panelist Dorothy Kilgallen. They became acquainted soon after his sudden rise to stardom in the United States. They remained close as his American career declined.

Two months before Kilgallen's death in 1965, her newspaper column plugged Ray's engagements at the Latin Quarter in New York and the Tropicana Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.{{Sfn|Lee|1979|pages=404–405}} He began his gig at the Latin Quarter immediately after an eight-month vacation in Spain during which he and new manager Bill Franklin had extricated themselves from contracts with Bernie Lang, who had managed Ray from 1951 to 1963.^[5] Ray and Franklin believed that a dishonest Lang had been responsible for the end of Ray's stardom in the United States and for large debts that he owed the Internal Revenue Service.^[5]

In 1969, Ray headlined a European concert tour with Judy Garland.{{Sfn|Schechter|2002|p=370}} He served as the best man at her wedding to her last husband, nightclub manager Mickey Deans, in London on March 15, 1969.^[17] Denmark and Sweden were among the countries where Ray and Garland performed together; they played Stockholm on March 19.{{Sfn|Schechter|2002|p=370}}

In the early 1970s, Ray's American career revived to a limited extent, as he had not released a record album or single for more than ten years. He made network television appearances on The Andy Williams Show in 1970 and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson three times during 1972 and 1973. His personal manager Bill Franklin resigned in 1976 and cut off contact with the singer a few years later. His American revival turned out to be short-lived as his career had already begun to decline as the 1980s approached.^[18]

In 1981, Ray hired Alan Eichler as his manager and resumed performing with an instrumental trio rather than with the large orchestras he and his audiences had been accustomed to for the first 25 years of his career. When Ray and the trio performed at a New York club called Marty's on Third Avenue and East 73rd Street in 1981,^[19] The New York Times stated, "The fact that Mr. Ray, in the years since his first blush of success, has been seen and heard so infrequently in the United States is somewhat ironic because it was his rhythm and blues style of singing that help lay the groundwork for the rock-and-roll that turned Mr. Ray's entertainment world around. Recently, Ringo Starr of the Beatles pointed out that the three singers that the Beatles listened to in their fledgling days were Chuck Berry, Little Richard and Johnnie Ray."^[19]

In 1986, Ray appeared as a Los Angeles taxicab driver^[20] in Billy Idol's "Don't Need a Gun" video and is name-checked in the lyrics of the song.^[21] During this time period, Ray was generally playing small venues in the United States such as Citrus College in Los Angeles County, California.^[22] He performed there in 1987 "with a big-band group," according to a Los Angeles Times profile of him during that year.^[22] Other 1980s appearances included the Dunes Hotel in Las Vegas, Resorts International in Atlantic City^[23] and the Vine St. Bar and Grill in Hollywood, where his show was broadcast live by KJAZZ radio. In February 1987, a high school gym in Alexandria, Louisiana^[24] was the venue for a Big Band Gala of Stars that included short sets by Ray, Barbara McNair^[24] and other aging singers.

In 1986, Ray and sitcom actress Marla Gibbs were among the notables who helped dedicate Billie Holiday's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.^[25]

While Ray's popularity continued to wane in the United States throughout the 1980s, Australian, English and Scottish promoters booked him for large venues as late as 1989, his last year of performing.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Musical influences

Ray was significantly influenced by gospel music^[26] and numerous African American singers, specifically Billie Holiday,^[27] Little Miss Cornshucks and LaVern Baker, as well as Judy Garland and Kay Starr.^[28]

Personal life

Relationships and sexuality

In 1951, prior to Ray's fame, he was arrested in Detroit for accosting and soliciting an undercover vice squad police officer for sex in the restroom of the Stone Theatre, a burlesque house.^[5] When he appeared in court, he pleaded guilty to the charges, paid a fine, and was released.^[47] Due to his obscurity at the time, Detroit newspapers did not report the story.^[5] After his rise to fame the following year, rumors about his sexuality began to spread as a result of the incident.^[5]

Despite her knowledge of the solicitation arrest, Marilyn Morrison, daughter of the owner of West Hollywood's Mocambo nightclub, married Ray at the peak of his American fame.^[29] The wedding ceremony took place in New York a short time after he gave his first New York concert, which was at the Copacabana.^[30] The New York Daily News made the wedding its cover story for May 26, 1952, and it reported that guests included Mayor Vincent R. Impellitteri.^[31]

Aware of Ray's sexuality, Morrison told a friend she would "straighten it out."^[32] The couple separated in 1953 and divorced in 1954.^[33]^[34] Several writers have noted that the Ray-Morrison marriage occurred under false pretenses,^[35] and that Ray had had a long-term relationship with his manager, Bill Franklin.^[5]^[32] However, a biography of Ray points out that Franklin was 13 years younger than Ray and that both their personal and business relationships began in 1963, many years after the Ray-Morrison divorce.^[5] In a 1953 newspaper interview with James Bacon, Ray blamed rumors about his sexuality for the breakup of his marriage to Morrison.^[36]

In 1959, Ray was arrested again in Detroit for soliciting an undercover officer at the Brass Rail, a bar that was described many years later by one biographer as a haven for musicians^[5] and by another biographer as a gay bar.^[5] Ray went to trial following this second arrest and was found not guilty.^[32] Two years after his death, several friends shared with biographer Jonny Whiteside their knowledge that Ray was bisexual.{{efn|Ray's bisexuality has been confirmed by biographer Jonny Whiteside, and that has since been reprinted in publications such as The Advocate.{{Sfn|Wald|2011|p=164}}^[37]}}

According to Ray's two biographers, Jonny Whiteside and Tad Mann, he did not have a close relationship with a man or a woman during the 13 years he lived after Bill Franklin stopped interacting with him and phoning him. Ray did maintain a loyal friendship with his road manager Tad Mann, who was married and raising five children.{{Sfn|Mann|2003|p=201}} When Ray gave parties at his Los Angeles house in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, frequent guests included Mann, whose real name was Harold Gaze Mann III,{{Sfn|Mann|2003|p=185}} and actress Jane Withers.{{Sfn|Mann|2003|p=212}}

Health problems

Ray suffered from alcoholism throughout his life, though during the 1950s at the height of his fame, newspaper and magazine pieces about Ray did not disclose the extent of his drinking problem.^[4] On September 2, 1952, Ray was arrested in Boston for public intoxication, but was released four hours later.^[38] According to biographer Jonny Whiteside, he drank heavily then. In 1960, he was hospitalized for tuberculosis.^[32] Shortly after his recovery, he quit drinking, according to Whiteside.^[5] His music was not available for sale and he did not appear on American television during the first half of the 1960s.^[5] Consequently, American newspapers ran ads for his concerts but reported nothing about his life: marital status, offstage behavior or health issues.^[5]

Not until December 1966 did Ray return to American television, and even then it was a program telecast locally in Chicago but not elsewhere: An Evening With Johnnie Ray.^[5] Video of this performance was reviewed by Whiteside in the early 1990s, and he wrote in his book that Ray appears emaciated and unhealthy.^[5]

In 1969, shortly after Ray returned to the United States from a European tour with Judy Garland, an American doctor informed him that he was well enough to drink an occasional glass of wine. He resumed drinking heavily and his health began to decline. Despite this, in the early 1970s he appeared several times on prime-time network television in the United States. After the offers for television stopped, he continued touring, attracting major media attention outside the United States, until he gave his final concert, a benefit for the Grand Theater in Salem, Oregon, on October 6, 1989.^[12]^[8]

Death

In early 1990, poor health forced Ray to check into Cedars-Sinai Medical Center near his home in Los Angeles.^[39] He was confined there for more than two weeks without the knowledge of journalists or talk radio personalities who had interviewed him in various countries throughout the 1980s.^[5]

On February 24, 1990, he died of hepatic encephalopathy resulting from liver failure at Cedars-Sinai.^[11]^[39]{{efn|The obituary for Ray published by the Los Angeles Times notes his death as being caused by liver failure;^[40] however, liver failure is not a cause of death in and of itself. The New York Times{{'}}s obituary notes Ray had been in a coma for several days prior to his death.^[11] Hepatic encephalopathy is the degenerative neurological process that sometimes ends in a coma and/or death, and its cause is failure of the liver; this was the ultimate cause of death in Ray's case.}} Kay Starr was among those who spoke at a public memorial service held at Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills.^[28] He is buried at Hopewell Cemetery near Hopewell, Oregon.{{Sfn|Stanton|2003|p=423}}

Legacy

For his contribution to the recording industry, Johnnie Ray was honored with a star in 1960 on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6201 Hollywood Boulevard.^[41]

In 1999, Bear Family Records issued two five-CD sets of his entire body of work, each containing an 84-page book on his career.^[42] Companies including Sony Music Entertainment (the parent company of Columbia Records) and Collectables have kept his large catalogue of recordings in continual release worldwide.^[43]

Music journalist Robert A Rodriguez noted Ray's contemporary obscurity in his 2006 book The 1950s' Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Rock & Roll Rebels, Cold War Crises, and All American Oddities, writing:

Scholar Cheryl Herr notes the impact of Ray's deafness on his unique performing style and vocals, writing: "[Ray was] a singer whose hearing range appears literally to have defined the contour of his performance, the nature of his short-lived popularity, and his enduring iconic status in pre-rock and proto-rock."{{Sfn|Herr|2009|p=323}}

In popular culture

Archival footage of Ray arriving at London Heathrow Airport in 1954 was featured in the 1982 music video for Dexys Midnight Runners' hit single "Come On Eileen". The lyrics of the song also mention him: "Poor old Johnnie Ray sounded sad upon the radio/He moved a million hearts in mono."{{Sfn|Mann|2003|p=185}}

Ray is mentioned in the lyrics of Billy Idol's 1986 hit "Don't Need a Gun" and appears in the video.

Ray is mentioned in the lyrics of Van Morrison's 1997 song Sometimes We Cry from his album The Healing Game, a song that features the backing vocals of Brian Kennedy and Georgie Fame.

Ray is one of the cultural touchstones mentioned in the first verse (concerning events from the late 1940s and early 1950s) of Billy Joel's 1989 hit single "We Didn't Start the Fire", between Red China and South Pacific.{{Sfn|DeMain|2004|p=119}}

Ray was also referred to in two Eartha Kitt songs, "Monotonous" from New Faces of 1952 ("I even made Johnnie Ray smile for me") and "I Want to Be Evil" ("I want to sing songs like the guy who cries").{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

In Eva Rice's 2005 novel, The Lost Art of Keeping Secrets, Johnnie Ray is an idol to the main characters, Penelope and Charlotte - and is introduced as a precursor to Elvis Presley.^[44]

Selected discography

Chart hits

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilations

Songs

Filmography

Notes

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|author=Ruhlmann, William|title=High Drama: The Real Johnnie Ray|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r317940|pure_url=yes}}|work=Allmusic.com|accessdate=March 4, 2008}}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Tom|title=The tracks of his tears|url=http://www.oregonmag.net/JohnnyRayDIO1101.htm|date=2001|work=Oregon Magazine|accessdate=December 28, 2016}}
3. ^{{cite journal|work=Billboard|title=1952's Top Popular Records|date=December 27, 1952|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rB8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19&dq=billboard+top+100+1952+johnnie+ray&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir9PPbnoDWAhVbHGMKHYbpC1cQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=billboard%20top%20100%201952%20johnnie%20ray&f=false|via=Google Books}} {{open access}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.waybackattack.com/rayjohnnie.html|work=Way Back Attack|title=Johnnie Ray|author=Kirby, Michael Jack|accessdate=December 19, 2016}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶{{cite book|last=Whiteside|first=Jonny|title=Cry: The Johnnie Ray Story|location=New York|publisher=Barricade|year=1994|isbn=1-56980-013-8}}
6. ^¹{{cite episode|series=The Big Record|network=CBS|people=Page, Patti|date=November 27, 1957|title=Episode 11|url=https://archive.org/details/theBigRecord-27thNovember1957}} {{open access}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Johnnie Ray Rocked Music World|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19560902&id=-WdSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KXYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7391,604877|work=St. Petersburg Times|location=St. Petersburg, Florida|page=7-E|via=Google News|date=September 2, 1956}} {{open access}}
8. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/johnnie_ray/#.WQqRxFKZPu0|work=The Oregon Encyclopedia|title=Johnnie Ray (1927–1990)|author=Fox, James|accessdate=May 4, 2017}}
9. ^{{cite news | author=Osgood, Dick | title=WKMH's Seymour Can Cry About Ray Deal, Too | url= | work=Detroit News | year=1958 | accessdate=}}
10. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19746/m1|title=Show 2 – Play A Simple Melody: American pop music in the early fifties. [Part 2] : UNT Digital Library|publisher=Digital.library.unt.edu|year=1969|accessdate=December 11, 2012|last=Gilliland|first=John|quote=Johnnie Ray was to become ... the overnight success, as soon the press stepped in with its bouquet of clever, clever epithets: he was the Cry Guy and the Prince of Wails.}}
11. ^¹²{{cite news|author=Holden, Steven|title=Johnnie Ray, 63, 50s Singer Who Hit No. 1 With a Sob in His Voice|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDE1238F935A15751C0A966958260|date=February 26, 1990|accessdate=February 27, 2008}}
12. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-4q2YHfPgoC&pg=PA37&dq=%22johnnie+ray%22+%2B+okeh+%2B+columbia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t5GcUri0L8qwygH0h4GIDA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22johnnie%20ray%22%20%2B%20okeh%20%2B%20columbia&f=false|title=Beyond the Marquee: Johnnie Ray - Tad Mann|publisher=Google Books|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/cry-performed-live-on-the-ed-sullivan-show-mw0001987280|work=AllMusic|title=Cry [Performed Live On the Ed Sullivan Show 1/6/1952]|accessdate=May 4, 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|author=Rapp, Linda |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/ray_j.html |title=Ray, Johnnie (1927–1990) |accessdate=February 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309132853/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/ray_j.html |archivedate=March 9, 2008 |df= }}
15. ^[https://www.allmovie.com/movie/rogues-gallery-v108227 reliable source on the low visibility of the movie Rogue's Gallery]
16. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WbhVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hLIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6561,2615311&dq=perry+como&hl=en|title=Johnnie Doesn't Like His Own Voice|date=September 12, 1954|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|location=Sydney, Australia|page=9|via=Google News}} {{Open access}}
17. ^{{cite web | author= | title=Mickey Deans: Drinking to Judy | url=http://www.jamd.com/search?text=%22mickey%20deans%22&partner=Google&epmid=3 | work=Jamd | publisher=Getty Images | accessdate=March 4, 2008}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chimesfreedom.com/2017/01/08/who-was-poor-old-johnnie-ray/|work=Chimes Freedom|title=Who Was Poor Old Jonnie Ray?|accessdate=May 4, 2017|date=January 8, 2017}}
19. ^¹{{cite news|last=Wilson |first=John S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/22/arts/pop-jazz-johnnie-ray-is-back-at-east-side-club.html |title=Pop Jazz - Johnnie Ray Is Back At East Side Club |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=May 22, 1981|accessdate=June 13, 2014}}
20. ^1986 music video for Billy Idol's Don't Need a Gun
21. ^{{cite journal|title=Spins|journal=Spin|date=January 1987|volume=2|issue=10|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_38rmDqlLQC&pg=PA28&dq=johnnie+ray+billy+idol&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NiQ-VMnnK5S0yAS8rYKgCA&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=johnnie%20ray%20billy%20idol&f=false|publisher=SPIN Media LLC|issn=0886-3032|via=Google Books}} {{open access}}
22. ^¹Hawn, Jack. No Slowing Down For 'Mr. Emotion', Los Angeles Times, January 30, 1987, accessed October 30, 2014.
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jazzlegends.com/tag/lounges/ |title=Lounges |publisher=Jazz Legends |date= |accessdate=2018-09-05}}
24. ^¹[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/216871445/ newspaper in Alexandria, Louisiana called The Town Talk edition of February 18, 1987 page 29 "End-of-Season Concert Nostalgic" by Rick Bentley left side of screen has "Page 29 article text (OCR)" where you can read the print that is illegible in the digital scan of the newspaper]
25. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=lrADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=jet+billie+receive+star+hollywood+walk+of+fame&source=bl&ots=nZAomin3F0&sig=4OUjmVy0KP8TS9D73MPQ6ikkW4w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDwtfm8fjYAhULiFQKHfdxAoYQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=jet%20billie%20receive%20star%20hollywood%20walk%20of%20fame&f=false short item in Jet magazine edition dated April 28, 1986.]
26. ^{{cite web|author=Kilgour, Colin|title=Johnnie Ray|work=Rockabilly.nl|accessdate=May 25, 2017|url=http://www.rockabilly.nl/references/messages/johnnie_ray.htm}}
27. ^¹²³{{cite news|title=Johnnie Ray, Their Darling Cry Baby|date=March 16, 1952|work=The Chicago Tribune|pages=8, 15|author=Wolters, Larry|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1952/03/16/page/85/article/johnnie-ray-their-darling-cry-baby}} {{open access}}
28. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.rockabilly.nl/references/messages/johnnie_ray.htm |title=Johnnie Ray |publisher=Rockabilly.nl |date= |accessdate=2018-09-05}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=Johnnie Ray Says 'I Do' In New York|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19520526&id=s4guAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yoAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=841,3734829|work=Schenectady Gazette|date=May 26, 1952|page=5|via=Google News}} {{open access}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=Johnny Ray Gets Married, Then 'Cries'|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19520526&id=iPkpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eBAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4355,4621464|newspaper=The Milwaukee Sentinel|date=May 26, 1952|page=6|via=Google News}} {{open access}}
31. ^{{cite news|author=DiLorenzo, Josephine|title=Johnnie Ray Weds – Bride Cries|work=New York Daily News|date=May 26, 1952|via=Google News}} {{open access}}
32. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|author=Rapp, Linda|title=Ray, Johnnie (1927–1990)|url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/ray_j.html|publisher=glbtq.com|accessdate=March 4, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309132853/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/ray_j.html|archivedate=March 9, 2008}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=Johnny Ray To Get Mexican Divorce|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19540112&id=Vg4rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=l5sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4465,4404578|publisher=Reading Eagle|date=January 12, 1954|page=13|via=Google News}} {{open access}}
34. ^{{cite news|title=Johnny Ray To Get Divorce Thursday|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19540112&id=E6c0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=N2gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3178,813100|work=The Lewiston Daily Sun|date=January 12, 1954|page=7|via=Google News}} {{open access}}
35. ^{{cite book | last=Stephens | first=Vincent Lamar, PhD|url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/drum/bitstream/1903/2444/1/umi-umd-2312.pdf|title=Queering the Textures of Rock and Roll History|location=College Park, MD|publisher=University of Maryland|year=2005|oclc=76833219|format=PDF}}
36. ^{{cite news|last1=Bacon|first1=James|authorlink1=James Bacon (author)|title=Cryin' Crooner Ray By-Passes Hollywood|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19530911&id=aNMwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=md0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=7289,2647395|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=September 11, 1953|page=28|via=Google News}} {{open access}}
37. ^{{cite journal|work=The Advocate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69&dq=johnnie+ray+singer+gay&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiutf7OqtXTAhXGTCYKHTR6AHAQ6AEILjAC#v=onepage&q=johnnie%20ray%20singer%20gay&f=false|title=Notes from the underground|first=Barry|last=Walters|page=68|date=April 29, 1997|via=Google Books}} {{open access}}
38. ^{{cite news|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|location=Sydney, Australia|date=September 3, 1952|title=Johnny [sic] Ray Arrested|page=3|via=Trove|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18280022}} {{open access}}
39. ^¹{{cite news|author=Reynolds, Barrett|title=Johnnie Ray: Why I Cry for the Legend Who Should Have Been|url=http://www.retrospectmag.com/articles/2004/48-johnnie-ray.html|work=The Halcyon Weekly Press|date=June 2004|accessdate=March 4, 2008}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-02-25/news/mn-2260_1_johnnie-ray|work=The Los Angeles Times|title=Johnnie Ray, Balladeer of the '50s, Dies at 63| date=February 25, 1990|author=Folkart, Burt A.|accessdate=May 3, 2017}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/johnnie-ray/|work=The Los Angeles Times|title=Johnnie Ray|series=Hollywood Star Walk|accessdate=May 4, 2017|author=Folkart, Burt A.}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bear-family.de/fr/pop-oldies/pop-vocal/ray-johnnie-cry-5-cd-box-84-page-book.html|title=Ray, Johnnie - Ray, Johnnie Cry 5-CD-Box & 84-Page Book|publisher=Bear Family Records Store|accessdate=June 13, 2014}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oldies.com/artist-products/Johnnie-Ray/genre_Vocals-Music.html|title=Johnnie Ray ~ Vocals|publisher=OLDIES.com|accessdate=June 13, 2014}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/259912.The_Lost_Art_of_Keeping_Secrets|title=The Lost Art of Keeping Secrets|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=October 23, 2017}}