| 词条 | John Player & Sons | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = John Player & Sons Ltd. | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | trading_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | romanized_name = | former_name = | type = Private | traded_as = | ISIN = | ISIN2 = | industry = Tobacco | genre = | fate = Merged to form Imperial Tobacco Co. in 1901 | predecessor = | successor = Imperial Brands | founded = {{Start date and age|1877}} | founder = John Player [1] | defunct = | hq_location = | hq_location_city = Lenton, Nottingham | hq_location_country = England | num_locations = | num_locations_year = | area_served = | key_people = | products = Cigarettes | brands = Player's John Player Special Navy Cut | production = | production_year = | services = | revenue = | revenue_year = | operating_income = | income_year = | net_income = | net_income_year = | aum = | assets = | assets_year = | equity = | equity_year = | owner = | members = | members_year = | num_employees = | num_employees_year = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | module = | ratio = | rating = | website = | footnotes = }}John Player & Sons, most often known simply as Player's, was a tobacco and cigarette manufacturer based in Nottingham, England. In 1901, the company merged with other companies to form The Imperial Tobacco Company to face competition from US manufacturers.[2] The company also released several series of association football trading cards in the 1930s under the Player's brand.[3] Nowadays the brands "Player" and "John Player Special" are owned and commercialised by Imperial Brands. HistoryIn March 1820, William Wright set up a small tobacco factory in Craigshill, Livingston, West Lothian. This business expanded and earned Wright a comfortable fortune. John Player bought the business in 1877. He had the Castle Tobacco Factories built in Radford, Nottingham, just west of the city centre.[2] He had three large factory blocks built, but initially only one was used to process and pack tobacco. The other two blocks were loaned out to lace manufacturers until the business had expanded enough to use the additional space.[3] One of John Player's innovations was to offer pre-packaged tobacco. Before this, smokers would have bought tobacco by weight from loose supplies and cigarette papers to roll them in. He also adopted a registered trade mark as a guarantee to the public that the goods could be relied on. John Player died in December 1884 and for the next nine years, the business was run by a small group of family friends until W G and J D Player were ready to take over the firm in 1893. The business became a private limited company in 1895, with a share capital of £200,000.[2] The business was run later by Player's sons John Dane Player and William Goodacre Player.[4] In 1901, in response to competitive threats from the US, Player's merged with the Imperial Tobacco Group. The largest constituent of Imperial Tobacco was W. D. & H. O. Wills and the new group was run from Wills' head office in Bristol.[5] Player's retained its own identity with cigarette brands such as Navy Cut, No. 9, John Player Special, and Gold Leaf; loose tobacco brands such as No Name; and its distinctive logo of a smoking sailor in a navy-cut cap. Player's Medium Navy Cut was the most popular by far of the three Navy Cut brands (there was also Mild and Gold Leaf, mild being today's rich flavour). Two thirds of all the cigarettes sold in Britain were Player's and two thirds of these were branded as Player's Medium Navy Cut. In January 1937, Player's sold nearly 3.5 million cigarettes (which included 1.34 million in London).[9] The popularity of the brand was mostly amongst the middle class and in the South of England. It was smoked in the north but other brands were locally more popular.[6] Production continued to grow until at its peak in the late 1950s, Player's was employing 11,000 workers (compared to 5,000 in 1926) and producing 15 brands of pipe tobacco and 11 brands of cigarettes.[5] In the UK in 1968, in response to an increase in tobacco duty in the budget, Player's launched a new, cheaper brand, "Player's No.10". Priced at 3 s 2 d (16 p) for 20, it was the cheapest cigarette on the British market.[7] A new factory (the 'Horizon' factory) was opened in the early 1970s on Nottingham's industrial outskirts, with better road access and more effective floor space, next to the headquarters of Boots the Chemists. On 15 April 2014, Imperial Tobacco announced that the Horizon factory would close in early 2016, bringing an end to cigarette and tobacco manufacture in Nottingham after over 130 years. The old factories in Radford, especially the cavernous No. 1 Factory which occupied the whole area between Radford Boulevard and Alfreton Road, bordered by Player Street and Beckenham Road, were gradually run down. The No. 2 Factory, facing onto Radford Boulevard with its distinctive clock (now plinthed in the retail park on the site) and the No. 3 factory (which faced onto Churchfield lane) with its rooftop 'John Player & Sons' sign, were demolished in the late 1980s. The iron railings and gates onto Radford Boulevard from the present retail park are the ones that surrounded No. 2 Factory – the large gates (present vehicle access) were the entrance to the factory yard between No. 2 and No. 3 factories and the smaller gates were the pedestrian entrances to No. 2 factory itself.[8] SponsorshipJohn Player's brands are well known in motor racing from their long association with the Lotus Formula One team, the Forsythe Racing Champ Car team, and Norton motorcycle racing team. Ford introduced the John Player Special limited edition, (known as the JPS) in March 1975. Available only in black or white, the JPS featured yards of gold pinstriping to mimic the Formula 1 livery, gold-coloured wheels, and a bespoke upgraded interior of beige cloth and carpet trimmed with black. Car racingJohn Player's sponsorship of Team Lotus began with the Lotus 49 in Gold Leaf colours in the 1968 Tasman Series. It continued with the Lotus 49 and Lotus 72 in Formula One, changed to the black and gold John Player Special colours in 1972, and ended in 1986 with the Lotus 98T. In Australia, JPS Team BMW competed in the Australian Touring Car Championship between 1981 and 1987, with Jim Richards winning the series in 1985 and 1987. In 1981, BMW released a limited-edition road version of its 323i touring car in JPS colours to the Australian market and another in 1984. North AmericaImperial Tobacco Canada's Player's brands also sponsored Canadian auto racing for decades. After a blanket tobacco advertising ban was instituted in the Canadian Tobacco Act in 1988, Imperial created a new corporation, Player's Racing Ltd., that was strictly an auto racing promotion company. This took advantage of an exemption in the Act that allowed tobacco companies to sponsor "cultural events" using the company's proper name instead of a brand name. Player's Ltd. advertising looked nearly identical to Player's cigarette packs, and given that it was one of the few legal outlets for advertising, the company was extensively promoted both during race weekends and at other sporting events. Player's Racing promoted a number of Canadian drivers, including 1995 Indianapolis 500 and IndyCar champion Jacques Villeneuve, whose Forsythe-Green Racing team carried a Player's Ltd livery. The team would later carry on in CART as Player's Forsythe Racing, which after the Tobacco Act was struck down as violating the Charter of Rights, was able to use Player's branding. The team was competitive and featured Canadian drivers Greg Moore, Patrick Carpentier, Alex Tagliani, and in 2003, Paul Tracy. Tracy would win the championship in 2003, just as a new Tobacco Act ban took full effect for auto racing in October of 2003. The team would use a "GOOD BYE, CANADA" theme for Tracy and Carpentier's final races and not have explicit Player's branding. Motorcycle racingJohn Player began sponsoring Norton motorcycle racing in November 1971.[9] The racing was successful and Norton produced a version of the Norton Commando in John Player colours to exploit it. However, Norton's NVT parent company commercially declined and John Player withdrew sponsorship in 1974.[10] In the 1980s, Norton Motorcycles was revived and in 1988 John Player resumed racing sponsorship.[11] The racing succeeded again and in 1990–91 Norton produced a road-going version of its RCW588 racer, the Norton F1.[12] In 1991 Norton again commercially declined and John Player withdrew sponsorship for a second time. Other eventsThe company also sponsored an influential series of celebrity lectures at the National Film Theatre between 1968 and 1973. Well over 100 international film stars took the stage to introduce screenings and discuss their career. The series was revived at the end of the 1970s as the Guardian Lectures. In the 1970s Player's operated a steamboat, Hero, for promotional purposes.[13] Player's sponsored the Canadian Open tennis championship in the 1980s. From 1969 to 1987 John Player sponsored the John Player Sunday League for English county cricket clubs. TodayPlayer's still trades, but with a much reduced workforce (down to about 700 employees due to increased efficiency). It is no longer one of Nottingham's Big Three employers (the other two being Boots the Chemists and Experian). As of 2018, the Player's Navy Cut, Players and John Player Special (JPS) brands are manufactured by Imperial Brands in the UK, whereas John Player Gold Leaf is manufactured by British American Tobacco (in some countries), and ranks as one of the best selling and most popular tobacco products in Pakistan. It is also present in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Arab States of the Persian Gulf. In South Asia, it is one of the biggest brands in the High category brand list. The JPS brand has also been re-positioned in the last several years and is now a UK mid-price cigarette brand. United KingdomAs of 2017, John Player Special (JPS) sell the following cigarettes in the UK:
They also sell a lower cost product marketed under the JPS Players Brand:
Also the following rolling tobacco in 30g and 50g pouches:
CanadaIn Canada, Player's is manufactured by Imperial Tobacco Canada and is available in the following varieties, in both regular and king size: {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Aside of cigarettes, John Player & Sons also markets a line of rolling tobacco in Canada, the UK, and several European countries. The rolling tobacco is typically portioned into 12.5, 25, and 50 gram bags. The rolling tobacco is available in the following varieties:
Cigarette cardsPlayer's were one of the first UK tobacco companies to include sets of general interest cards in their packs of cigarettes. One of the first sets, produced in 1893, was Castles and Abbeys. These cards were generally produced in sets of 50 and have since become highly collectable. Other sets produced include Street Cries (cries of street vendors) in 1913 and 1916; Footballers (1926); Civil Aircraft (1935); Motor Cars (1936) and a Coronation Series in 1937. John Player & Sons issued more than 200 sets of cards and some were reprinted in the 1990s. In sports, Player's released several cards series, mostly association football collections. One of them was the "Cup Winners" series, featuring FA Cup winning teams and the illustrated "Hints on association football" in 1934, where some football movements (kicks, passes, defensive tactics, etc.) were shown.[14] Player's also released a cricket series in 1934. In popular culture{{unreferenced section|date=June 2018}}
Bibliography
References1. ^[https://peopleatplayers.omeka.net/horizon A history of John Player & Sons], Adapted from a talk given by Dr. Dan O'Neill on 24 May, 2016 at Lakeside Arts, University of Nottingham 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/|title=Oops!|first=Nottingham City|last=Council|date=|website=Nottingham City Council|accessdate=23 March 2018}} 3. ^{{cite book |title=Nottingham: Official Guide |last= |first= |edition=10th |year= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=243}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=157-ddpl&cid=0#0|title=The Discovery Service|first=The National|last=Archives|date=|website=nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=23 March 2018}} 5. ^1 2 3 John Player and Sons Ltd., tobacco manufacturers on The National Archives 6. ^1 {{cite book|last=Tinkler|first=Penny|title=Smoke Signals: Women, Smoking and Visual Culture in Britain|year=2006|publisher=Berg|location=Oxford|isbn=1845202678|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1845202678|edition=English}} 7. ^{{cite news | title = New, cheaper cigarette | newspaper = The Guardian | pages = 14 | date = 1968-03-26 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/259765554/ | access-date = 2019-01-27}}{{subscription required|via=newspapers.com}} 8. ^Pevsner, 1979, page 255 9. ^Magrath, 1997, page 135 10. ^Magrath, 1997, page 138 11. ^Magrath, 1997, page 155 12. ^Magrath, 1997, page 156 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.steamboat.org.uk/register/html/hero0258.htm |title=Hero |work=Steamboat Register |publisher=Steam Boat Association of Great Britain |date=April 2004 |accessdate=11 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928203054/http://www.steamboat.org.uk/register/html/hero0258.htm |archivedate=28 September 2011 |df= }} 14. ^1 [https://spartacus-educational.com/Fcigarette.htm The History of Football Cigarette Cards] by John Simkin, on Spartacus Educational, September 1997 External links{{Commons category}}
6 : Tobacco companies of the United Kingdom|1820 establishments in England|Imperial Brands brands|Manufacturing companies based in Nottingham|Manufacturing companies established in 1820|British companies established in 1820 |
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