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词条 Human trafficking in South Africa
释义

  1. Terminology

  2. Victim Demographics

     Driving Forces of Trafficking 

  3. Case Study

  4. Trafficking Routes

  5. Protection & Prevention

     South Africa  Africa  International 

  6. References

  7. Further reading

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}{{Use South African English|date=July 2012}}{{Slavery}}Human trafficking in South Africa occurs as a practice of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation among imported and exported trafficked men, women, and children.[1] Generally, South African girls are trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude, while boys are used for street vending, food service, and agriculture.[2] Anecdotal evidence suggests that South African children can also be forced to provide unpaid labor for landowners in return for land occupancy, living accommodation, or for maintaining labor tenancy rights.[3] In any case, this form of unpaid labor has caused human trafficking to be described as a modern form of slavery.[4] Human trafficking is the result of a combination of several factors, including gender inequality, economic instability, and political conflict. Since Africa experiences all of these, it is an active hub for human trafficking.[5] Many urge for the need of a cultural shift to reduce instances of human trafficking by lessening the demand for sex and unpaid labor.[6]

Terminology

Human trafficking refers to the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain labor or commercial sexual act, according to the Department of Homeland Security.[7] The definition of human trafficking does not require that victims be transported. They can remain stationary and still be classified as victims of human trafficking if they are being sexually exploited or serving as indentured laborers.[8]

A sex exploiter is any person who expresses desire or engages in sex with at least one victim of human trafficking.[9]

Debt bondage refers to a form of indentured servitude where payment is given to a person's legal guardian/family member(s) in exchange for said person. They must work to pay off this debt for release.[10]

Kidnapping is the taking of a person to another place against their will, or the restraint of a person’s freedom by force, as defined the Wex Legal Dictionary.[11]

Abduction is the taking of a child from their legal guardian with the specific intention of defiling or prostituting the child, according to the Wex Legal Dictionary.[12]

An origin country is one where traffickers recruit victims for exploitation.[13]

A transit country is an intermediary country where a victim is moved to after recruitment. These countries often have ineffective border control and corrupt government officials.[14]

A destination country is one that receives victims. Its economy is generally prosperous enough to support sex trafficking.[15]

An internal/domestic country is one whose victims are both recruited and trafficked within the same country.[16]

Victim Demographics

It is estimated that there are millions of victims; though only about 50-100,000 cases are found each year.[17] The University of Johannesburg reports that trafficking occurs at a slightly higher rate for girls than boys, with 55.5% of all trafficked people in South Africa being female, and 44.5% being male. It is estimated that more than three quarters of all victims are between the ages of 12-25.[18] Though many victims are recruited through deceit on behalf of the trafficker, sometimes victims of human trafficking enter on their own accord, as they are faced with economic hardships that leave them desperate for a better life.[19] This can occur as agentic victims are coerced by employers or pimps to become a trafficked person for a number of false benefits such as better pay, for example.[20] The uneven distribution of wealth in South Africa leaves victims vulnerable to promises of wealth.[21]

There are first wave victims, classified as people recruited for trafficking, and second wave victims, such as women who were trafficked and now serve as recruiters.[22]

Traffickers have learned to find victims in places where there is little to no protection for exploitation, weak government, poverty, corrupt law enforcement, temporary working positions, and places where diaspora is common.[23][24] Many traffickers convince their victims to fear the police, as they are not to be trusted, which helps to keep victims trapped in the cycle of trafficking.[25]

Driving Forces of Trafficking

Traffickers can range from people who engage in activity occasionally to those who are apart of organized crime networks, according to the International Organization for Migration.[26] It is often easier for traffickers to work in the latter situation because it facilitates the movement and organization of victims.[27]

Following the apartheid of South Africa during the 20th century, inequality increased as the higher classes held most of the state’s income.[28] This exacerbated the tendency for women in Africa to not be in positions of power, as it is difficult for many to obtain education and skills training. This makes women easy targets for traffickers. Many agree to go abroad with prospects of a better life.[29] Traffickers also seek children from Africa due to a lack of a birth registration system. This leaves children vulnerable to trafficking because they are unidentified and difficult to trace back to their country or origin.[30] These victims are then transported to South Africa. Ukuthwala (child marriage) is a tradition common in some South African provinces wherein young girls are married to older men, which may also account for some trafficking victims.[31]

Case Study

One hospital in Durban, South Africa pleaded guilty to 109 counts of illegal organ transplants, wherein Brazilian and Romanian victims were compensated as little as $6,000 for organs worth anywhere from $100,000-120,000.[32]This is a violation of the South African Human Tissue Act of 1983 that protects minors from being used for organ transplant and the sale of organs for profit.[33] South Africa is a prominent place for organ harvesting because the exchange rate between South African currency and United States dollars allows recipients a maximum payout. Additionally, South Africa has only 2% of the population on the organ transplant registry,[34] and many qualified doctors willing to perform the transplant.[35]

Trafficking Routes

Trafficking rings choose transit locations where government officials and police are corrupt, leaving traffickers with little risk of being caught and victims with little hope of being helped.[36]

Child sex tourism is prevalent in and between a number of South African cities, notably the capital city Johannesburg and Cape Town.[37] Women and girls from other African countries are often imported to South Africa for commercial sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, and other jobs in the service sector. Occasionally, these women are taken as far as Europe for sexual exploitation. Many Thai, Chinese, and European women are often trafficked to and sexually exploited in South Africa for debt bondage. Young men and boys from Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi are notably trafficked to South Africa for farm work, extending for months without pay before "employers" have them arrested and deported as illegal immigrants. Organized criminal groups—including Nigerian, Chinese, and Eastern European syndicates, local gangs and individual policemen facilitate trafficking into and within South Africa, particularly for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation.[38]

South African victims are usually taken to Ireland, the United States, and the Middle East as domestic servants.[38] Victims from several different countries such as Thailand, the Philippines, China, and Russia are trafficked into South Africa.[39] Because of this, South Africa is considered an origin, transit, destination, and internal/domestic country in terms of child trafficking.[40]

Protection & Prevention

South Africa

There is an absence of reliable statistics about human trafficking, masking the truth about human trafficking in South Africa. Since such little is known, it is difficult to assess and combat the situation.[41] The United States Parliament passed the Prevention and Combatting of Trafficking in Persons Act in 2013, which the former president of South Africa Jacob Zuma signed.[42] However, little change was affected and only 3 traffickers were convicted, and 12 suspects were prosecuted that same year.[43]

In 2008, South Africa was placed on the US Department of State's Tier 2 list, which designates it as a country whose government does not currently comply with TVPA’s minimum standards against human trafficking, but is making efforts toward compliance.[44]. The government provided inadequate data on investigations or prosecutions of trafficking crimes or on resulting convictions or sentences. In addition, it did not provide information on its efforts to protect victims of trafficking and continued to deport and prosecute suspected foreign victims without providing appropriate protective services.[45] The U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2" once again in 2017.

Failure to address trafficking is perhaps due to poor screening procedures and identification measures.[46] Many traffickers evade persecution because there is no law that criminalizes human trafficking.[47] The South African Penal Code lacks criminal codes that specifically outline human trafficking, instead grouping incidents into crimes like rape, sexual assault, and abduction.[48][49] This lack of systematic data collection makes it difficult to record incidents of human trafficking and take measures against it.[50]

Africa

Nigeria has made strides toward creating awareness of human trafficking through several media outlets.[51]

To help reduce instances of human trafficking, the South African Department of Home Affairs began requiring an Unabridged Birth Certificate in 2015 for minors travelling in and out of South Africa.[52] An Unabridged Birth Certificate contains information about the child’s legal guardians, if a child entering/exiting south Africa does not have a UBC, they are denied passage.[53] The implementation of this policy, however, may not reduce trafficking, as traffickers tend to use illegitimate ways of crossing the border or victims may be trafficked within borders.[54]

South Africa also partnered with the Global Action against Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants in 2016. Africa was one of 13 countries asked to join this effort due to the prevalence of human trafficking.[55][56] A Trafficking in Persons Task Team was established in 2012 by the National Prosecuting Authority’s Sexual Offenses and Community Affairs Unit (SOCA). This task team works toward collecting data on trafficking in South Africa and taking measures to reducing incidences.[57] The Child Protection Directorate helps survivors of trafficking return safely to their parents or guardians.[58]

International

The United Nations tried to address the issue of human trafficking in 2000 by introducing the Palermo Protocol, which defines the issue as:

"Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, or deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal or organs."[59]

Though the protocol calls for prevention, protections for victims, and prosecution for offenders, many do not believe that this definition was effective in prompting any legislation against human trafficking.[60]Other attempts to address trafficking include the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).[61]

References

1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2015/243531.htm|title=South Africa|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2017-03-26}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://humantraffickinginafrica.weebly.com|title=Human Trafficking in Africa|website=Human Trafficking in Africa|access-date=2017-03-26}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecpatinternational.com/EI/Resource_newsclippings.asp?id=1171|title=Spotlight on human trafficking as SA cops swoop on syndicate|website=www.ecpatinternational.com|access-date=2017-03-26}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Adepoju |first1=A. |title=Review of research and data on human trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=International Migration |date=2005 |volume=43 |issue=1-2 |page=75-98 |url=http://imumi.org/attachments/article/132/Data_and_research_on_human_trafficking_a_global_survey_iom.pdf#page=76 |accessdate=23 February 2019}}
5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Britton |first1=H.E. |last2=Dean |first2=L.A. |title=Policy responses to human trafficking in Southern Africa: Domesticating international norms |journal=Human Rights Review |date=2014 |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=305-328 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Watt |first1=Marcell |last2=Burger |first2=Johan |title=The perplexities of human trafficking in South Africa - ISS Africa |journal=ResearchGate |date=2018 |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=What is Human Trafficking? |url=https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking |website=Department of Homeland Secuity |accessdate=20 February 2019}}
8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Barner |first1=J.R. |last2=Okech |first2=D. |last3=Camp |first3=M.A. |title=Socio-economic inequality, human trafficking, and the global slave trade |journal=Societies |date=2014 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=148-160 |accessdate=2 March 2019}}
9. ^{{cite book |last1=Mayne |first1=D. |last2=Gool |first2=B. |title=The Trafficking of Children for Purposes of Sexual Exploitation--South Africa |date=2000 |page=14 |accessdate=20 February 2019}}
10. ^{{cite book |last1=Mayne |first1=D. |last2=Gool |first2=B. |title=The Trafficking of Children for Purposes of Sexual Exploitation--South Africa |date=2000 |page=14 |accessdate=12 February 2019}}
11. ^{{cite web |title=Kidnapping Definition |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/kidnapping |website=Wex Dictionary |publisher=Cornell Law School |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=Abduction Defenition |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/abduction |website=Wex Dictionary |publisher=Cornell Law School |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web |title=Trafficking Routes |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/trafficking_routes |website=Stop Violence Against Women |publisher=The Advocates for Human Rights |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
14. ^{{cite web |title=Trafficking Routes |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/trafficking_routes |website=Stop Violence Against Women |publisher=The Advocates for Human Rights |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Trafficking Routes |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/trafficking_routes |website=Stop Violence Against Women |publisher=The Advocates for Human Rights |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Trafficking Routes |url=http://www.stopvaw.org/trafficking_routes |website=Stop Violence Against Women |publisher=The Advocates for Human Rights |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
17. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heinrich |first1=K.H. |title=Ten Years After the Palermo Protocol: Where are Protections for Human Trafficking? |journal=Human Rights Brief |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
18. ^{{cite web |title=Human Trafficking Awareness Survey Results |url=https://www.uj.ac.za/newandevents/Documents/2016/HUMAN%20TRAFFICKING%20SURVEY%20RESULTS%20ULINK.PDF |website=University of Johannesburg |accessdate=23 February 2019}}
19. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heinrich |first1=K.H. |title=Ten Years After the Palermo Protocol: Where are Protections for Human Trafficking? |journal=Human Rights Brief |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
20. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heinrich |first1=K.H. |title=Ten Years After the Palermo Protocol: Where are Protections for Human Trafficking? |journal=Human Rights Brief |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
21. ^{{cite journal |last1=Barner |first1=J.R. |last2=Okech |first2=D. |last3=Camp |first3=M.A. |title=Socio-economic inequality, human trafficking, and the global slave trade |journal=Societies |date=2014 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=148-160 |accessdate=2 March 2019}}
22. ^{{cite news |title=Tsireledzani: Understanding the dimensions of human trafficking in Southern Africa |accessdate=1 March 2019 |agency=Human Sciences Research Council |date=March 2010}}
23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heinrich |first1=K.H. |title=Ten Years After the Palermo Protocol: Where are Protections for Human Trafficking? |journal=Human Rights Brief |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
24. ^{{cite book |last1=Insight |first1=I. |title=Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, in Africa |date=2003 |publisher=UNICEF |location=Florence |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
25. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heinrich |first1=K.H. |title=Ten Years After the Palermo Protocol: Where are Protections for Human Trafficking? |journal=Human Rights Brief |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
26. ^{{cite web |last1=Masweneng |first1=Kgaugelo |title=Human trafficking is silently tearing South Africa apart‚ experts say |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-05-30-human-trafficking-is-silently-tearing-south-africa-apart-experts-say/ |website=Times Live South Africa |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
27. ^{{cite web |last1=Masweneng |first1=Kgaugelo |title=Human trafficking is silently tearing South Africa apart‚ experts say |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-05-30-human-trafficking-is-silently-tearing-south-africa-apart-experts-say/ |website=Times Live South Africa |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
28. ^{{cite journal |last1=Leibbrandt |first1=M. |last2=Finn |first2=A. |last3=Woolard |first3=I. |title=Describing and decomposing post-apartheid income inequality in South Africa |journal=Development Southern Africa |date=2012 |volume=29 |issue=1 |page=19-34 |accessdate=3 March 2019}}
29. ^{{cite book |last1=Insight |first1=I. |title=Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, in Africa |date=2003 |publisher=UNICEF |location=Florence |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
30. ^{{cite book |last1=Insight |first1=I. |title=Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, in Africa |date=2003 |publisher=UNICEF |location=Florence |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
31. ^{{cite web |title=2014 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226816.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |publisher=OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
32. ^{{cite journal |last1=Allain |first1=J. |title=Trafficking of persons for the removal of organs and the admission of guilt of a South African hospital |journal=Medical Law Review |date=2011 |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=117-122 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}
33. ^{{cite journal |last1=Leibbrandt |first1=M. |last2=Finn |first2=A. |last3=Woolard |first3=I. |title=Describing and decomposing post-apartheid income inequality in South Africa |journal=Development Southern Africa |date=2012 |volume=29 |issue=1 |page=19-34 |accessdate=3 March 2019}}
34. ^{{cite news |last1=October |first1=Michelle |title=This is the Chilling Reality of Organ Trafficking Right Now |accessdate=3 March 2019 |publisher=Women's Health Magazine |date=12 May 2017}}
35. ^{{cite news |last1=Khoza |first1=Sandile |title=15. The human organ trade- the South African tragedy |accessdate=14 February 2019 |agency=Medical Law Seminar |publisher=Deneys Reitz Attorneys |date=June 2009}}
36. ^{{cite web |last1=Van Der Watt |first1=Marcel |title=Human trafficking in South Africa: an elusive statistical nightmare |url=https://theconversation.com/human-trafficking-in-south-africa-an-elusive-statistical-nightmare-43949 |website=The Conversation |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
37. ^{{Cite news|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/are-30000-kids-trafficked-into-south-africas-sex-trade-every-year-the-claim-exaggerates-the-problem/|title=Are 30,000 children really 'trafficked' in South Africa every year? The claim exaggerates the problem {{!}} Africa Check|work=Africa Check|access-date=2017-03-26|language=en-US}}
38. ^{{cite news |title=Stop Sex Trafficking of Children and Young People |url=https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Factsheet_South_Africa.pdf |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=ECPAT |publisher=The Body Shop}}
39. ^{{cite news |title=Stop Sex Trafficking of Children and Young People |url=https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Factsheet_South_Africa.pdf |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=ECPAT |publisher=The Body Shop}}
40. ^{{cite news |title=Stop Sex Trafficking of Children and Young People |url=https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Factsheet_South_Africa.pdf |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=ECPAT |publisher=The Body Shop}}
41. ^{{cite web |last1=Van Der Watt |first1=Marcel |title=Human trafficking in South Africa: an elusive statistical nightmare |url=https://theconversation.com/human-trafficking-in-south-africa-an-elusive-statistical-nightmare-43949 |website=The Conversation |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
42. ^{{cite web |title=2014 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226816.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |publisher=OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
43. ^{{cite web |title=2014 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226816.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |publisher=OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements|website=www.state.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-01}}
45. ^1 "South Africa". [https://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105389.htm Trafficking in Persons Report 2008]. U.S. Department of State (4 June 2008).
46. ^{{cite web |title=2014 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226816.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |publisher=OFFICE TO MONITOR AND COMBAT TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
47. ^{{cite news |title=Stop Sex Trafficking of Children and Young People |url=https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Factsheet_South_Africa.pdf |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=ECPAT |publisher=The Body Shop}}
48. ^{{cite journal |last1=Van Der Watt |first1=Marcell |last2=Burger |first2=Johan |title=The perplexities of human trafficking in South Africa - ISS Africa |journal=ResearchGate |date=2018 |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
49. ^{{cite web |last1=Van Der Watt |first1=Marcel |title=Human trafficking in South Africa: an elusive statistical nightmare |url=https://theconversation.com/human-trafficking-in-south-africa-an-elusive-statistical-nightmare-43949 |website=The Conversation |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
50. ^{{cite web |title=Keynote Address by the Deputy Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, the Hon JH Jeffery, MP, at a Symposium on Human Trafficking hosted by the Department of Justice & Constitutional Development, the South African Human Rights Commission and the Conference of Western Attorneys General (CWAG) Africa Alliance Partnership, held at the Capitol Hotel, 101 Katherine Street, Sandton, 5 November 2018 |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/m_speeches/2018/20181105-TIP_dm.html |website=Justice and Constitutional Development Republic of South Africa |publisher=DoJCD |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
51. ^{{cite journal |last1=Adepoju |first1=A. |title=Review of research and data on human trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=International Migration |date=2005 |volume=43 |issue=1-2 |page=75-98 |url=http://imumi.org/attachments/article/132/Data_and_research_on_human_trafficking_a_global_survey_iom.pdf#page=76 |accessdate=23 February 2019}}
52. ^{{cite web |title=Unabridged Birth Certificate for Minors: All You Need to Know |url=http://www.travelstart.co.za/lp/travel-tips/unabridged-birth-certificate-for-minors |website=Travelstart |publisher=Travelstart |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
53. ^{{cite web |title=Unabridged Birth Certificate for Minors: All You Need to Know |url=http://www.travelstart.co.za/lp/travel-tips/unabridged-birth-certificate-for-minors |website=Travelstart |publisher=Travelstart |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
54. ^{{cite web |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Kate |title=No new evidence that 30,000 children are trafficked in South Africa each year |url=https://africacheck.org/reports/no-new-evidence-that-30000-children-are-trafficked-each-year-in-south-africa/ |website=Africa Check |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
55. ^{{cite web |title=Keynote Address by the Deputy Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, the Hon JH Jeffery, MP, at a Symposium on Human Trafficking hosted by the Department of Justice & Constitutional Development, the South African Human Rights Commission and the Conference of Western Attorneys General (CWAG) Africa Alliance Partnership, held at the Capitol Hotel, 101 Katherine Street, Sandton, 5 November 2018 |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/m_speeches/2018/20181105-TIP_dm.html |website=Justice and Constitutional Development Republic of South Africa |publisher=DoJCD |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
56. ^{{cite news |title=South Africa joins UNODC global initiative on human trafficking and migrant smuggling |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2016/September/south-africa-joins-unodc-global-initiative-on-human-trafficking-and-migrant-smuggling.html |accessdate=25 March 2019 |agency=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |date=26 September 2016}}
57. ^{{cite web |title=Keynote Address by the Deputy Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, the Hon JH Jeffery, MP, at a Symposium on Human Trafficking hosted by the Department of Justice & Constitutional Development, the South African Human Rights Commission and the Conference of Western Attorneys General (CWAG) Africa Alliance Partnership, held at the Capitol Hotel, 101 Katherine Street, Sandton, 5 November 2018 |url=http://www.justice.gov.za/m_speeches/2018/20181105-TIP_dm.html |website=Justice and Constitutional Development Republic of South Africa |publisher=DoJCD |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
58. ^{{cite web |title=South Africa tackles human trafficking |url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/governance/services/rights/trafficking-240215 |website=Brand South Africa |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
59. ^{{cite book |last1=Insight |first1=I. |title=Trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, in Africa |date=2003 |publisher=UNICEF |location=Florence |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
60. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heinrich |first1=K.H. |title=Ten Years After the Palermo Protocol: Where are Protections for Human Trafficking? |journal=Human Rights Brief |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}
61. ^{{cite journal |last1=Lansink |first1=A. |title=Human rights focus on trafficked women: an international law and feminist perspective |journal=Agenda |date=2006 |volume=20 |issue=70 |page=45-56 |accessdate=1 March 2019}}

Further reading

  • {{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/human-trafficking-in-south-africa-an-elusive-statistical-nightmare-43949 |title=Human trafficking in South Africa: an elusive statistical nightmare |publisher= The Conversation Trust |date=16 January 2015}}
{{Law enforcement in South Africa}}{{Africa topic|Human trafficking in}}

3 : Human trafficking by country|Human trafficking in Africa|Human rights in South Africa
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