| 词条 | Hu Songshan |
| 释义 |
|background = #008000 |name = Imam Hu Songshan |native_name = {{lang|zh|虎嵩山阿訇}} |native_name_lang = |image = Hu Songshan.jpg |alt = |religion = Yihewani Hanafi Sunni islam |alias = |location = Ningxia, China |title = Ahong |period = 1927–1955 |predecessor = |successor = |ordination = |post = Imam and scholar of the Yihewani,[1][2] scripturalist,[3] theologian.[4] |birth_date = 1880 |birth_place = Tongxin County, Ningxia, China |death_date = 1955 |death_place = China |website = }}{{Chinese|s=虎嵩山|t=虎嵩山|p=Hǔ Sōngshān|xej=ﺧُﻮْ ﺻْﻮ شً}}{{Chinese name|Hu}}Hu Songshan (1880–1955), a Hui, was born in 1880, in Tongxin County, Ningxia, China. His Muslim name in Arabic was Sa'd al-Din ({{lang-ar|سعد الدين}} {{transl|ar|DIN|Sa'd ad-Dīn}}; {{zh|s=赛尔敦丁|t=賽爾敦丁|p=sài ěr dūn dīng}}). Although he was born Sufi and turned Wahhabi, he changed his views and turned his back on Wahhabism after a Hajj to Mecca and later became an important imam, scripturalist, and leader of the Yihewani Muslim sect in China. He was influential and played an important role in Chinese Islam in this position as he propagated reformist doctrines in Ningxia in his later life. Hu also played a role in rallying Muslims against the Japanese invasion of China.[5] Early life and educationHu's father was a Gansu ahong (imam) belonging to the Khafiya menhuan, a Chinese-style Naqshbandi Sufi order. When Hu Songshan was 18, he joined Wang Naibi of Haicheng. At age 21, he became imam of the anti-Sufi Yihewani (Ikhwan in Arabic) sect, which was founded by the Wahhabi Ma Wanfu. Hu opposed wasteful rituals and cash payments for religious services, which Sufi orders practiced. Being a member of the Yihewani, he was so against Sufism and the menhuan to the point where he destroyed his own father's gongbei (a Hui Islamic shrine centered around a Sufi master's grave) built at Tongxin.[6] {{Islam and China|figures}}LifeHe went on Hajj to Mecca in 1924 at age 45, traveling through Shanghai and he reached Mecca in 1925. When Hu was in Mecca, he did not feel solidarity with other Muslims, he was treated racistly on hajj because he was from China, so he became a Chinese nationalist working to build a strong China, and abandoned salafism.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Instead of advocating an Islamic state, he wanted Muslims to practice their religion in a strong China. He saw that Hui and Han people were treated the same and abused by foreigners. He rallied against foreign Imperialism and preached Chinese nationalism and unity between all Chinese. In Wuzhong County, Ningxia, Hu was the principal of an Arabic school.[13] Hu Songshan had changed from being a Wahhabi Salafi to a modernist and influenced the Yihewani to change its ideology along that trend.[14] One of his followers was Muhammad Ma Jian.[15] Another one of his followers was the Yihewani Imam Ma Fulong (d. 1970).[16] Hu became a prominent reformist and modernist Imam and Muhammad Ma Jian studied alongside him in 1928.[17][18] Hu encouraged unity and cooperation both between Muslims in China, and between non-Muslims and Muslims in China too, using Chinese classics to advance Chinese nationalism. He studied modern science, promoted sports for his students, and permitted people to take pictures of his mosque and him, which made him stand out from less-liberal Yihewani.[19] Hu promoted reform of traditional Islamic education as his views while a follower of the Yihewani changed.[20] Hu Songshan and the Hui Muslim warlord of Ningxia, General Ma Hongkui cooperated in founding several Sino-Arabic schools (中阿學校) in Ningxia to promote Chinese and Arabic language Islamic education for Chinese Muslims in the 1930s and 1940s.[21] Hu Songshan became head of the Ningxia Private Sino- Arabic College at Dongdasi Mosque, which was founded by Ma Hongkui in Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia province 1932. Students flocked to it from province across China after it became a public institution in the following year. Ten days prior to Ramadan's end in 1935, Ma Hongkui arranged for Chinese New Year celebrations. Hu Songshan pronounced kufr upon Ma Hongkui for this, while delivering an aggressive and fierce sermon in public. Ma Hongkui then sacked Hu from his position and exiled him. Hu then received clemency from Ma and was sent to head the Sino-Arabic Normal School in Wuzhong in 1938.[22] When Japan invaded China in 1937 during the Second Sino Japanese War, Hu Songshan ordered that the Chinese Flag be saluted during morning prayer, {{clarify span|along with deference to nationalism|date=May 2014}}. A prayer was written by him in Arabic and Chinese which prayed for the defeat of the Japanese and support of the Chinese government. The Quran was used to justify struggling against the Japanese.[23][24] Hu Songshan helped spread anti-Japanese propaganda among Muslims during the war.[25] Unlike his teacher Ma Wanfu, a strict Wahhabi scripturalist who led the Yihewani with an anti modernist and anti Chinese culture and language ideology, Hu Songshan encouraged Muslims to study Chinese language and learn about modern sciences and education in Chinese. Imams such as Hu Songshan led the Chinese Muslim Brotherhood (the Yihewani) to incorporate Chinese nationalism and emphasize education and independence.[26] The Ma clique Muslim generals Ma Fuxiang and Ma Bufang gave support to Hu Songshan.[27] Hu added subjects such as Chinese language and other modern subjects such as foreign sciences, mathematics and foreign languages to the Islamic curriculum and he translated Islamic texts into Chinese.[28] Hu was close to the Kuomintang Muslim General and governor of Ningxia, Ma Hongkui, and cooperated with him.[29] All imams in Ningxia were required to preach Chinese nationalism during prayer at the mosque during the war with Japan.[26][30] Hu was active in promoting this curriculum at Sino-Arabic schools in Ningxia. Hu often reminded the Muslim masses that "If we object to natural science, then clothing, food, and shelter could not be talked about.", whenever someone challenged his introduction of modern subjects such as mathematics and science to the Islamic curriculum. Hu also cited a Hadith({{lang|zh|圣训}}),[31] a saying of the prophet Muhammad, which says "Loving the Motherland is equivalent to loving the Faith" ({{zh|s=爱护祖国是属于信仰的一部份|t=愛護祖國是屬於信仰的一部份|p=àihù zǔguó shì shǔyú xìnyǎng de yī bùfèn|first=t}}) ({{lang-ar|حب الوطن من الایمان}} {{transl|ar|DIN|ḥubb al-waṭan min al-imān}}).[32] Hu Songshan harshly criticized those who were non patriotic and those who taught anti nationalist thinking, saying that they were fake Muslims. Anti-Japanese prayer written by HuTraditional
Simplified
Pinyin
Arabic {{lang|ar|[33][34][35][36] {{transl|ar|ALA|Allāhumma ayyid ḥukūmatanā wa-ayyid dawlatanā wa-mṭur bi-tharānā wa-dammir aʻdāʼanā wa-aʻidhnā min sharri ahli al-Yābān al-ẓālimīna alladhīna ṭaghaw fī al-bilādi wa-qatalū fīnā al-ʻibāda wa-arsil ʻalayhim ʻāṣifatan tusqiṭ ṭayyārātihim fī ṣaḥārāhum wa-tarassib bārijātihim fī biḥārihim wa-buʻthirat ajnādahum wa-ḥarriq amwālahum wa-anzil ʻalayhim jazāʼan, yā Ilāha al-Ḥaqqi, āmīn.}}
English translation by Jonathan N. Lipman from page 200 of Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China[37] FamilyHu Songshan's son was Akhund Hu Xueliang (1918 – 1960), who was involved in a famous incident where a Muslim woman wanted a divorce in order to remarry since she waited for a decade when her husband vanished, while divorce is allowed after 4 years in the Maliki madhhab, divorce is only allowed after 90 years in the Hanafi Madhhab, which is the dominant Madhhab practiced in China, and a large amount of Chinese Muslims adhere strictly to the Hanafi Madhhab and view all other Madhhab as illegitimate so when Hu Xueliang decided to consult Maliki Madhhab rules and allow the woman to divorce, a violent disturbance broke out against Hu Xueliang so Hu had to be guarded from attacks from other Muslims by the Chinese army.[38]{{rp|81}} Hu Xueliang had a son Hu Xibo.[38]{{rp|85}} Shaykh Sa'd al-Din Hu Songshan's grandson is Professor Shaykh Ibrahim Hu Long. References1. ^{{cite book|title=Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts|editor-first=Leif O.|editor-last=Manger|volume=Volume 26 of NIAS studies in Asian topics: Nordisk Institut for Asienstudier|number=Nordic Institute of Asian Studies : Nias Studies in Asian Topics, Number 26|ISSN=0142-6028|edition=illustrated|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHjR3yeIWzUC&pg=PA149&dq=Hu+songshan+muslim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ziu9UN3DOaXl0QG96YHYBQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Hu%20songshan%20muslim&f=false|page=149|isbn=070071104X|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic|first=Dru C.|last=Gladney|volume=Volume 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs|issue=Issue 149 of East Asian Monographs|ISSN=0073-0483|edition=illustrated|year=1996|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia 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Institute |issn=0963-7494|volume= 31|issue= 1 |page=8 |doi= 10.1080/0963749032000045837 |accessdate=9 June 2014}} 12. ^{{cite web |url= http://islaminchina.info/between-expectations-and-ideals-hui-women-finding-a-place-in-the-public-sphere-through-islamic-education/|title= Between Expectations and Ideals:Hui Women Finding a Place in the Public Sphere through Islamic Education |last1= Reiser |first1= Esther |last2= |first2= |date= July 2, 2011 |website= The Islam in China Project: A project on Sino-Islamic Art, History, Culture. Past & Present |publisher= |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qhhsjzh.com/LYZZ/LYZZ/200912/80.html|title=著名经学家虎嵩山阿訇的爱国情|publisher=|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication|editor1-first=Stephane A.|editor1-last=Dudoignon|editor2-first=Komatsu|editor2-last=Hisao|editor3-first=Kosugi|editor3-last=Yasushi|volume=Volume 3 of New Horizons in Islamic Studies|edition=|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLo5d1pZR74C&pg=PA261&dq=Hu+songshan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qCu9UPLQA8iN0QHJvYDwBA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hu%20songshan&f=false|page=261|isbn=1134205988|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} 15. ^{{cite book|title=Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation and Communication|editor1-first=Stephane A.|editor1-last=Dudoignon|editor2-first=Komatsu|editor2-last=Hisao|editor3-first=Kosugi|editor3-last=Yasushi|volume=Volume 3 of New Horizons in Islamic Studies|edition=|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLo5d1pZR74C&pg=PA342&dq=ma+fuxiang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eiakUKvbGInf0gGLv4HABA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ma%20fuxiang&f=false|page=342|isbn=1134205988|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} 16. ^{{cite book|title=Devout societies vs. impious states?: transmitting Islamic learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the twentieth century : proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12-13, 2001|editor-first=Stéphane A.|editor-last=Dudoignon|volume=Volume 258 of Islamkundliche Untersuchungen |edition=|year=2004|publisher=Schwarz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fuxiang&dq=ma+fuxiang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Hi6kUNmIH5O60QGz94D4Bw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgo|page=281|isbn=3879973148|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} 17. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UYkAQAAIAAJ&q=Hu+songshan+muslim&dq=Hu+songshan+muslim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5iu9UK7JO6TC0AHR14GoBQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAjgK|title=The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Volume 23|last=|first=|publisher=Jointly published by the Association of Muslim Social Scientists; International Institute of Islamic Thought|others=Contributors Association of Muslim Social Scientists, International Institute of Islāmic Thought|year=2006|isbn=|edition=|volume=|location=|page=56|pages=|ref=harv|accessdate=24 April 2014}} 18. ^Haiyun Ma, "Patriotic and Pious Chinese Muslim Intellectual in Modern China: The Case of Ma Jian,” American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol. 23, No.3, 2006, pp.54-70. 19. ^{{cite book|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|volume=|edition=|year=1998|publisher=University of Washington Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=hu+songshan+muslim&source=bl&ots=62zyYC9Zrf&sig=_9qmKiekLe3XdSA3gv5iYNbaaHA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8qHGUMKOCoXj0gGb4IHYDg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=hu%20songshan%20muslim&f=false|page=211|isbn=0295800550|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} 20. ^{{cite journal |last= LI |first= Xing-hua |date=March 2008|title=Research on Islam of Yinchuan City |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HZYJ200803021.htm |journal= Journal of Hui Muslim Minority Studies |publisher=Institute of World Religions of China Social Science Academy, Beijing 100732 |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 21. ^{{cite journal |last= HU |first= Xi-bo |date=February 2002|title=Hu Songshan's Three Times Cooperation with Ma Hongkui in Running Schools |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HZYJ200202020.htm |journal= Researches On The Hui |publisher=The Chemical Plant in Ningxia,Ningxia Yinchuan 750026 |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=13 July 2014}} 22. ^{{cite book|title=Devout societies vs. impious states?: transmitting Islamic learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the twentieth century : proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12-13, 2001|editor-first=Stéphane A.|editor-last=Dudoignon|volume=Volume 258 of Islamkundliche Untersuchungen|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Schwarz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ&q=Hu+songshan&dq=Hu+songshan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wSy9UIXbFdKM0QH5_oCQCA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw|page=67|isbn=3879973148|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} 23. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=hu+songshan&source=bl&ots=gMwLLvJ7ts&sig=YvIrsQFn6xPoAJTrCJiCK2wuso8&hl=en&ei=AaUbTO6fJIOdlgfk-53rCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hu%20songshan&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=210|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 24. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cEfiZlUpI5oC&pg=PA50&dq=hu+songshan&hl=en&ei=96sbTOKQHoOBlAe5wsWsCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=hu%20songshan&f=false|title=Religion under socialism in China|author=Zhufeng Luo|year=1991|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=80 Business Park Drive, Armonk New York 10504|page=50|isbn=0-87332-609-1|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 25. ^{{cite book|title=Religion Under Socialism in China|editor-first=Zhufeng|editor-last=Luo|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1991|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cEfiZlUpI5oC&pg=PA50&dq=Hu+songshan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qCu9UPLQA8iN0QHJvYDwBA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Hu%20songshan&f=false|page=50|isbn=0873326091|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }} 26. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&q=hu+songshan&dq=hu+songshan&hl=en&ei=96sbTOKQHoOBlAe5wsWsCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3|year=1987|publisher=|location=|page=30|isbn=|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 27. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&dq=ma+fuxiang+defence&q=uxiang#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20%20full%20supporters%20of%20hu&f=false|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author1=Stéphane A. Dudoignon |author2=Hisao Komatsu |author3=Yasushi Kosugi |year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|page=261|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 28. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvDOudr5M6MC&pg=PA299&dq=hu+songshan&hl=en&ei=96sbTOKQHoOBlAe5wsWsCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hu%20songshan%20pilgrimage&f=false|title=Remapping China: fissures in historical terrain|author=Gail Hershatter|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford California|page=107|isbn=0-8047-2509-8|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 29. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ&q=he+songshan+ma+hongkui&dq=he+songshan+ma+hongkui&hl=en&ei=a18hTITDM4Wdlgfoo6HAAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|title=Devout societies vs. impious states?: transmitting Islamic learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the twentieth century: proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12–13, 2001|author=Stéphane A. Dudoignon|year=2004|publisher=Schwarz.|location=|page=74|isbn=3-87997-314-8|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 30. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHjR3yeIWzUC&pg=PA149&dq=hu+songshan&hl=en&ei=96sbTOKQHoOBlAe5wsWsCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=hu%20songshan&f=false|title=Muslim diversity: local Islam in global contexts |author=Leif O. Manger|year=1999|publisher=Routledge|location=|page=149|isbn=0-7007-1104-X|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 31. ^It is not a real Hadith but was a popular slogan among Arabic speakers in Middle East in the 19th-20th centuries. It spread to China via Hui Muslim students like Muhammad Ma Jian who studied at Al-Azhar in Egypt 32. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&dq=ma+fuxiang+military+academy&q=hadith+anti+japanese+alleged#v=snippet&q=hadith%20anti%20japanese%20alleged%20love%20country%20religion&f=false|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author1=Stéphane A. Dudoignon |author2=Hisao Komatsu |author3=Yasushi Kosugi |year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|page=279|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}} 33. ^http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/vr8oVEryVHhDEaqXshbsofbbJmQavDzxbGq2rgNN4sn63MN5PxcWHHvDPrDZCp8KibNATnDeEeSK0j3S0Vm3RvA/640?tp=webp 34. ^http://szb.chinalxnet.com/html/2015-07/06/content_135468.htm 35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chinaislam.net.cn/cms/news/media/201412/14-7573.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075703/http://www.chinaislam.net.cn/cms/news/media/201412/14-7573.html |archivedate=2016-03-04 |df= }} 36. ^http://www.chinaislam.net.cn/cms/zjjy/yjdt/rdyj/201412/14-7573.html 37. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false Lipman translated it from page 319 of Ye Zhenggang's "Ningxia Yihewani zhuming jingxuejia Hu Songshan" (Hu Songshan, the famous scripturalist of the Ningxia Ikhwan)] 38. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Jianping |year=2014 |title=The opposition of a leading akhund to Shi'a and Sufi shaykhs in mid-nineteenth-century China |journal=East Asian History and Culture Review |volume=12 |pages=68–87 |url=https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/articles/wang.pdf}} External links
10 : 1880 births|1955 deaths|People from Wuzhong|Hui people|Islamic philosophers|Muslim reformers|20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam|Chinese nationalists|Chinese Muslims|Chinese imams |
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