词条 | Hydrology (agriculture) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Water balance componentsThe water balance components can be grouped into components corresponding to zones in a vertical cross-section in the soil forming reservoirs with inflow, outflow and storage of water:[2]
The general water balance reads:
and it is applicable to each of the reservoirs or a combination thereof. In the following balances it is assumed that the water table is inside the transition zone. Surface water balanceThe incoming water balance components into the surface reservoir (S) are:
The outgoing water balance components from the surface reservoir (S) are:
The surface water balance reads:
Root zone water balanceThe incoming water balance components into the root zone (R) are:
The outgoing water balance components from the surface reservoir (R) are:
The root zone water balance reads:
Transition zone water balanceThe incoming water balance components into the transition zone (T) are:
The outgoing water balance components from the transition zone (T) are:
The water balance of the transition zone reads:
Aquifer water balanceThe incoming water balance components into the aquifer (Q) are:
The outgoing water balance components from the aquifer (Q) are:
The water balance of the aquifer reads:
where Wq is the change of water storage in the aquifer noticeable as a change of the artesian pressure. Specific water balancesCombined balancesWater balances can be made for a combination of two bordering vertical soil zones discerned, whereby the components constituting the inflow and outflow from one zone to the other will disappear. In long term water balances (month, season, year), the storage terms are often negligible small. Omitting these leads to steady state or equilibrium water balances. Combination of surface reservoir (S)and root zone (R) in steady state yields the topsoil water balance :
Combination of root zone (R) and transition zone (T) in steady state yields the subsoil water balance :
Combination of transition zone (T) and aquifer (Q) in steady state yields the geohydrologic water balance :
Combining the uppermost three water balances in steady state gives the agronomic water balance :
Combining all four water balances in steady state gives the overall water balance :
Water table outside transition zoneWhen the water table is above the soil surface, the balances containing the components Inf, Per, Cap are not appropriate as they do not exist. When the water table is inside the root zone, the balances containing the components Per, Cap are not appropriate as they do not exist. When the water table is below the transition zone, only the aquifer balance is appropriate. Reduced number of zonesUnder specific conditions it may be that no aquifer, transition zone or root zone is present. Water balances can be made omitting the absent zones. Net and excess valuesVertical hydrological components along the boundary between two zones with arrows in the same direction can be combined into net values . For example, : Npc = Per − Cap (net percolation), Ncp = Cap − Per (net capillary rise). Horizontal hydrological components in the same zone with arrows in same direction can be combined into excess values . For example, : Egio = Iaq − Oaq (excess groundwater inflow over outflow), Egoi = Oaq − Iaq (excess groundwater outflow over inflow). Salt balancesAgricultural water balances are also used in the salt balances of irrigated lands. Further, the salt and water balances are used in agro-hydro-salinity-drainage models like Saltmod. Equally, they are used in groundwater salinity models like SahysMod which is a spatial variation of SaltMod using a polygonal network. Irrigation and drainage requirementsThe irrigation requirement (Irr) can be calculated from the topsoil water balance, the agronomic water balance or the overall water balance, as defined in the section "Combined balances", depending on the availability of data on the water balance components. Considering surface irrigation, assuming the evaporation of surface water is negligibly small (Eva = 0), setting the actual evapotranspiration Era equal to the potential evapotranspiration (Epo) so that Era = Epo and setting the surface inflow Isu equal to Irr so that Isu = Irr, the balances give respectively:
Defining the irrigation efficiency as IEFF = Epo/Irr, i.e. the fraction of the irrigation water that is consumed by the crop, it is found respectively that :
Likewise the safe yield of wells, extracting water from the aquifer without overexploitation, can be determined using the geohydrologic water balance or the overall water balance, as defined in the section "Combined balances", depending on the availability of data on the water balance components. Similarly, the subsurface drainage requirement can be found from the drain discharge (Dtr) in the subsoil water balance, the agronomic water balance, the geohydrologic water balance or the overall water balance. In the same fashion, the well drainage requirement can be found from well discharge (Wel) in the geohydrologic water balance or the overall water balance. The subsurface drainage requirement and well drainage requirement play an important role in the design of agricultural drainage systems (references:,[4][5] ).
See also{{Agricultural water management}}References1. ^N.A. de Ridder and J. Boonstra, 1994. Analysis of Water Balances. In: H.P.Ritzema (ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications, Publication 16, p. 601–634. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. {{ISBN|90-70754-33-9}} 2. ^Drainage for Agriculture: Hydrology and Water Balances. Lecture notes, International Course on Land Drainage (ICLD), International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. On the web : 3. ^{{cite web | url=https://edepot.wur.nl/262058 | title= Publication 16, Chapter 4.1, Estimating Peak Runoff Rates | accessdate=2010-08-09 }} 4. ^The energy balance of groundwater flow applied to subsurface drainage in anisotropic soils by pipes or ditches with entrance resistance. On the web : . Paper based on: R. J. Oosterbaan, J. Boonstra and K. V. G. K. Rao, 1996, The energy balance of groundwater flow. Published in V. P. Singh and B. Kumar (eds.), Subsurface-Water Hydrology, p. 153–160, Vol.2 of Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, 1993. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. {{ISBN|978-0-7923-3651-8}}. On the web : 5. ^Subsurface drainage by (tube)wells, 9 pp. Well spacing equations for fully or partially penetrating wells in uniform or layered aquifers with or without entrance resistance. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. On the web : 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.waterlog.info/cumfreq.htm | title=CumFreq, software for cumulative frequency analysis | accessdate=2010-08-16 }} External links
4 : Agriculture|Hydrology|Water management|Land management |
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