词条 | IEEE 802.11ac | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The specification has multi-station throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second and single-link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second (500 Mbit/s). This is accomplished by extending the air-interface concepts embraced by 802.11n: wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), more MIMO spatial streams (up to eight), downlink multi-user MIMO (up to four clients), and high-density modulation (up to 256-QAM).[5][6] Wi-Fi Alliance separated the introduction of ac wireless products into two phases ("wave"), named "Wave 1" and "Wave 2".[7][8] From mid-2013, the alliance started certifying Wave 1 802.11 ac products ships by manufacturers, based on the IEEE 802.11ac Draft 3.0 (the IEEE standard was not finalized until later that year).[9] Subsequently in year 2016, Wi-Fi Alliance introduced the Wave 2 certification, which include additional features like MU-MIMO, 160MHz channel width support, support for more 5GHz channels, and four spatial streams (with four antennas; compares to three in Wave 1 and 802.11n, and eight in IEEE's 802.11ac specification).[10] It means Wave 2 products would have higher bandwidth and capacity than Wave 1 products.[11] New technologiesNew technologies introduced with 802.11ac include the following:[6][12]
FeaturesMandatory
Optional
New scenarios and configurationsThe single-link and multi-station enhancements supported by 802.11ac enable several new WLAN usage scenarios, such as simultaneous streaming of HD video to multiple clients throughout the home, rapid synchronization and backup of large data files, wireless display, large campus/auditorium deployments, and manufacturing floor automation.[13] With the inclusion of USB 3.0 interface, 802.11ac access points and routers can use locally attached storage to provide various services that fully utilize their WLAN capacities, such as video streaming, FTP servers, and personal cloud services.[14] With storage locally attached through USB 2.0, filling the bandwidth made available by 802.11ac was not easily accomplished. Example configurationsAll rates assume 256-QAM, rate 5/6:
Wave 1 vs. Wave 2Wave 2, referring to products introduced in 2016, offers a higher throughput than legacy Wave 1 products, those introduced starting in 2013. The maximum PHY (physical) theoretical rate for Wave 1 is 1.3 Gbit/s, while Wave 2 can reach 2.34 Gbit/s. Wave 2 can therefore achieve 1 Gbit/s even if the real world throughput turns out to be only 50% of the theoretical rate. Wave 2 also supports a higher number of connected devices.[11] Data rates and speed
Several companies are currently offering 802.11ac chipsets with higher modulation rates: MCS-10 and MCS-11 (1024-QAM), supported by Quantenna and Broadcom. Although technically not part of 802.11ac, these new MCS indices are expected to become official in the 802.11ax standard (~2019), the successor to 802.11ac. 160 MHz channels, and thus the throughput might be unusable in some countries/regions due to regulatory issues that allocated some frequencies for other purposes. Advertised{{Explain|date=March 2018}}
ProductsCommercial routers and access pointsQuantenna released the first 802.11ac chipset for retail Wi-Fi routers and consumer electronics on November 15, 2011.[22] Redpine Signals released the first low power 802.11ac technology for smartphone application processors on December 14, 2011.[23] On January 5, 2012, Broadcom announced its first 802.11ac Wi-Fi chips and partners[24] and on April 27, 2012, Netgear announced the first Broadcom-enabled router.[25] On May 14, 2012, Buffalo Technology released the world’s first 802.11ac products to market, releasing a wireless router and client bridge adapter.[26] On December 6, 2012, Huawei announced commercial availability of the industry's first enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point.[27] Motorola Solutions is selling 802.11ac access points including the AP 8232.[28] In April 2014, Hewlett-Packard started selling the HP 560 access point in the controller-based WLAN enterprise market segment.[29]Commercial laptopsOn June 7, 2012, it was reported that Asus had unveiled its ROG G75VX gaming notebook, which would be the first consumer-oriented notebook to be fully compliant with 802.11ac[30] (albeit in its "draft 2.0" version). In June 2013, Apple announced that the new MacBook Air features 802.11ac wireless networking capabilities,[31][32] later announcing in October 2013 that the MacBook Pro and Mac Pro also featured 802.11ac.[33][34] {{As of|2013|12}}, Hewlett-Packard incorporates 802.11ac compliance in laptop computers.[35]Commercial handsets
Commercial tablets
Chipsets
See also{{Portal|Computer networking}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url = http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm|title = Official IEEE 802.11 Working Group Project Timelines|date = 2012-11-03}} 2. ^{{cite web |url = http://standards.ieee.org/news/2014/ieee_802_11ac_ballot.html|title=New IEEE 802.11ac™ Specification Driven by Evolving Market Need for Higher, Multi-User Throughput in Wireless LANs |last=Kelly |first=Vivian |publisher=IEEE |date=2014-01-07 |accessdate=2014-01-11}} 3. ^[https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-wi-fi-6 Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces Wi-Fi 6] 4. ^[https://www.cnet.com/news/wi-fi-alliance-simplifying-802-11-wireless-network-tech-names/ Here come Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 in plan to simplify 802.11 networking names] 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/networking/cheat-sheet-what-you-need-to-know-about-80211ac/6689 |title=Cheat sheet: What you need to know about 802.11ac |last1=Kassner |first1=Michael |date=2013-06-18 |website=TechRepublic |accessdate=2013-06-20 }} 6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001739/ch04.html |title=802.11ac: A Survival Guide |publisher=Chimera.labs.oreilly.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703105148/http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001739/ch04.html |archive-date=2017-07-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 7. ^[https://www.xirrus.com/pdf/Wave2_Whitepaper.pdf 802.11AC WAVE 2 A XIRRUS WHITE PAPER] 8. ^[https://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/80211ac-wi-fi-part-2-wave-1-and-wave-2-products/1614338859 802.11ac Wi-Fi Part 2: Wave 1 and Wave 2 Products] 9. ^[https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/282305/Old/New%20Belden.com%20-%20Master%20Resources/blog-pdfs/white_paper_c11-713103.pdf 802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical White Paper], March 2014, Cisco 10. ^[https://www.rcrwireless.com/20160629/network-infrastructure/wi-fi/wi-fi-alliance-launches-802-11ac-wave-2-certification-tag6 Wi-Fi Alliance launches 802.11ac Wave 2 certification] 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/6-things-you-need-to-know-about-802-11ac-wave-2/ |title=6 things you need to know about 802.11ac Wave 2 |website=techrepublic.com |date=2016-07-13 |accessdate=2018-07-26}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6619570/ |title=IEEE 802.11ac: from channelization to multi-user MIMO|date=2013-10-08 |website=IEEExplore |accessdate=2018-06-19 }} 13. ^{{cite web | url = https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/09/11-09-0161-02-00ac-802-11ac-usage-model-document.ppt | title = 802.11ac Usage Models Document | date = 2008-11-10 | first = Rolf | last = de Vegt}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hardwarecanucks.com/forum/hardware-canucks-reviews/63773-asus-rt-ac56u-usb-ac56-802-11ac-review.html |title=ASUS RT-AC56U & USB-AC56 802.11AC Review |publisher=Hardwarecanucks.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-24}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11ac-2013.pdf |title=IEEE Std 802.11ac™-2013 - 22.5 Parameters for VHT-MCSs |publisher=IEEE |accessdate=2015-04-13 |pages=323–339 |date=2013-12-11}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-reviews/32545-ac580-usb-wireless-adapter-roundup |title=AC580 USB Wireless Adapter Roundup |website=SmallNetBuilder.com |date=2014-11-04 |accessdate=2018-01-02}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-reviews/32327-linksys-wumc710-wireless-ac-universal-media-connector-reviewed |title=Linksys WUMC710 Wireless-AC Universal Media Connector Reviewed |website=SmallNetBuilder.com |date=2014-01-28 |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 18. ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.tp-link.com/us/products/details/cat-5506_Archer-C59.html#specifications|title=Archer C59|website=TP-LINK.com|date=2017-03-19|accessdate=2017-03-19}} 19. ^{{cite web |title=Netgear R7500 Nighthawk X4 Integrates Quantenna 4x4 ac Radio and Qualcomm IPQ8064 SoC |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8464/netgear-r7500-nighthawk-x4-integrates-quantenna-4x4-ac-radio-and-qualcomm-ipq8064-soc |last=Ganesh |first=T S |date=2014-09-02 |accessdate=2014-09-08 |publisher=anandtech.com}} 20. ^1 {{cite web |title=AC1900: Innovation or 3D Wi-Fi? |url=http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-features/32238-ac1900-innovation-or-3d-wi-fi |last=Higgins |first=Tim |date=2013-10-08 |accessdate=2014-09-08 |publisher=smallnetbuilder.com}} 21. ^{{cite web|last=Ngo |first=Dong |url=http://www.cnet.com/products/netgear-r8500-nighthawk-x8-ac5300-smart-wifi-router/#! |title=Netgear R8500 Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Smart WiFi Router review |website=CNET.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 22. ^{{cite press release |title= Quantenna Launches World's First 802.11ac Gigabit-Wireless Solution for Retail Wi-Fi Routers and Consumer Electronics |publisher=Quantenna |date=2011-11-15 |url= http://ir.quantenna.com/news-releases/news-release-details/quantenna-launches-worlds-first-80211ac-gigabit-wireless }} 23. ^{{cite press release |title=Redpine Signals Releases First Ultra Low Power 802.11ac Technology for Smartphone Application Processors |publisher=Redpine Signals |date=2011-12-14 |url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/redpine-signals-releases-first-ultra-low-power-80211ac-technology-for-smartphone-application-processors-135573628.html |accessdate=2013-03-15}} 24. ^{{cite press release |title=Broadcom Launches First Gigabit Speed 802.11ac Chips - Opens 2012 CES with 5th Generation (5G) Wi-Fi Breakthrough |publisher=Broadcom |date=2012-01-05 |url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/broadcom-launches-first-gigabit-speed-80211ac-chips---opens-2012-ces-with-5th-generation-5g-wi-fi-breakthrough-136728148.html |accessdate=2013-03-15}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/26/netgear-r6300-802-11ac-router|title=Netgear's R6300 router is first to use Broadcom 802.11ac chipset, will ship next month for $200|work=Engadget|accessdate=10 September 2014}} 26. ^{{cite press release |title=Buffalo's 802.11ac Wireless Solutions Available Now |publisher=Buffalo Technology (via PRNewswire) |location=Austin, Texas |date=May 14, 2012 |url= http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/buffalos-80211ac-wireless-solutions-available-now-151352155.html |accessdate=2013-03-15}} 27. ^{{cite news|title=Huawei Announces Commercial Availability of Industry’s First Enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point|url=http://enterprise.huawei.com/ilink/enenterprise/news-event/news/news-list/HW_198472?KeyTemps=|publisher=Huawei|date=6 December 2012}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://broadbandlanding.com/research/mmap/|title=Motorola Modular Access Points Performance Review|website=broadbandlanding.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-02}} 29. ^{{cite web |title=HP Launches the HP 560 802.11ac Access Point |publisher=HP|date=2014-03-31 |url=http://h17007.www1.hp.com/us/en/networking/products/wireless/HP_560_802_11ac_Dual_Radio_Access_Point_Series/index.aspx#tab=TAB1}} 30. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.electronista.com/articles/12/06/07/fifth.generation.wi.fi.standard.finally.reaching.consumers|title=Asus gaming notebook first to feature full 802.11ac|publisher=Electronista|date=2012-06-07|accessdate=2013-03-15}} 31. ^{{cite news|url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/06/10/apple-unveils-new-macbook-air-lineup-with-all-day-battery-life-80211ac-wi-fi|title=Apple unveils new MacBook Air lineup with all-day battery life, 802.11ac Wi-Fi|publisher=AppleInsider|date=2013-06-11|accessdate=2013-06-11}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-air|title=Apple - Macbook Air|website=Apple.com|accessdate=10 September 2014}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=MacBook Pro with Retina display - Technical Specifications|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/specs-retina/|publisher=Apple|accessdate=10 January 2014}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Mac Pro - Technical Specifications|url=https://www.apple.com/mac-pro/specs/|publisher=Apple|accessdate=10 January 2014}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=c03904324&tmp_task=prodinfoCategory&cc=us&dlc=en&lc=en&product=5447282#N364 |title=HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC Product Specifications HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC | HP Support |publisher=H10025.www1.hp.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-17}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/HTC+One+Teardown/13494/2 |title=HTC One Teardown |website=iFixit.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.htc.com/us/smartphones/htc-one/#specs |title=HTC One M8 | HTC United States | HTC United States |website=Htc.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2013/04/25/inside-the-samsung-galaxy-s4/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427084156/http://www.chipworks.com/blog/recentteardowns/2013/04/25/inside-the-samsung-galaxy-s4/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=27 April 2013|title=Inside the Samsung Galaxy S4 - Recent Teardowns|date=27 April 2013|accessdate=15 May 2018}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/7376/samsung-galaxy-note-3-review/7 |title=Cellular, WiFi, Speaker & Noise Rejection - Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Review |website=Anandtech.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 40. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.gsmarena.com/lg_nexus_5-5705.php |title=LG Nexus 5 - Full phone specifications |website=Gsmarena.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nexus+5+Teardown/19016#s53729 |title=Nexus 5 Teardown |website=iFixit.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/mobile/phone/lumia1520/specifications/ |title=Nokia Lumia 1520 Specifications - Microsoft - USA |website=Microsoft.com |date=2014-07-23 |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/mobile/phone/lumia-icon/specifications/ |title=Nokia Lumia Icon|publisher=Nokia |date= |accessdate=2014-11-10}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/HTC+One+(M8)+Teardown/23615 |title=HTC One (M8) Teardown |website=iFixit.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.broadcom.com/wireless-technology/samsung-galaxy-s5-hits-stores-chock-full-of-broadcom-tech/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422123554/http://blog.broadcom.com/wireless-technology/samsung-galaxy-s5-hits-stores-chock-full-of-broadcom-tech/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 April 2014|title=Samsung Galaxy S5 Hits Stores, Chock Full of Broadcom Tech - Broadcom Connected|date=22 April 2014|accessdate=15 May 2018}} 46. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20140304052942/http://www.anadigics.com/news/press_releases/lg_electronics_g2_powered_anadigics_80211ac_wifi_feic] 47. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.ubreakifix.com/blog/lg-g3-teardown |title=First Look: LG G3 Teardown – uBreakiFix Blog |website=Ubreakifix.com |date=2014-05-30 |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Fire_Phone_13MP-Camera_32GB/dp/B00EOE0WKQ |title=Amazon Fire Phone - 13MP Camera, 32GB - Shop Now |website=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Amazon+Fire+Phone+Teardown/27458#s67320 |title=Amazon Fire Phone Teardown |website=iFixit.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.techinsights.com/teardown.com/samsung-note-4-galaxy-alpha/ |title=Samsung Note 4 & Alpha Teardown |website=Techinsights.com |date=2014-09-10 |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/4578/exclusive-video-teardown-apple-iphone-6 |title=Exclusive Video Teardown: Apple iPhone 6 | Electronics360 |website=Electronics360.globalspec.com |date=2014-09-23 |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nexus+6+Teardown/32877 |title=Nexus 6 Teardown |website=iFixit.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/9 |title=WiFi Performance, GNSS, Misc. - The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review |website=Anandtech.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/9558/the-samsung-galaxy-note5-and-galaxy-s6-edge-review/8 |title=Video Performance, WiFi Performance, and GNSS Performance - The Samsung Galaxy Note5 and Galaxy S6 edge+ Review |website=Anandtech.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-08}} References{{Reflist}}External links
1 : IEEE 802.11 |
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