| 词条 | Igbo calendar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Igbo calendar ({{Lang-ig|Ògụ́àfọ̀ Ị̀gbò}}{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}) is the traditional calendar system of the Igbo people from present-day Nigeria. The calendar has 13 months in a year (afo), 7 weeks in a month (onwa), and 4 days of Igbo market days (afor, nkwo, eke, and orie) in a week (izu) plus an extra day at the end of the year, in the last month. The name of these months was reported by Onwuejeogwu (1981).[1] Although worship and spirit honoring was a very big part in the creation and development of the Igbo calendar system, commerce also played a major role in creating the Igbo calendar. This was emphasized in Igbo mythology itself. An example of this is the Igbo market days of which each community has a day assigned to open its markets, this way the Igbo calendar is still in use. Some Igbo communities have tried to adjust the thirteen month calendar to twelve months, in line with the Gregorian calendar.[1] The calendar is neither universal nor synchronized, so various groups will be at different stages of the week, or even year. Nonetheless the four-eight day cycle serves to synchronize the inter-village market days, and substantial parts (for example the Kingdom of Nri) do share the same year-start. Market daysIgbos generally have four market days, namely: eke, orie, afor and nkwo. The market days according to the Igbo calendar follow each other sequentially as shown below:
In various parts of Igboland, each community has a market named after the aforementioned four market days, e.g., Eke market, Afor market. SystemIn the traditional Igbo calendar a week ({{Lang-ig|Izu}}) has 4 days ({{Lang-ig|Ubochi}}) (Eke, Orie, Afọ, Nkwọ), seven weeks make one month ({{Lang-ig|Ọnwa}}), a month has 28 days and there are 13 months a year. In the last month, an extra day is added.{{Clarify|date=April 2014}} The traditional time keepers in Igboland are the priests or Dibia.[2]
The days correspond to the four cardinal points, Afọ corresponds to north, Nkwọ to south, Eke to east, and Orie to west.[4] These spirits, who were fishmongers, were created by Chineke (Faith and Destiny) in order to establish social system throughout Igboland. While there are four days, they come in alternate cycles of "major" and "minor", giving a longer eight day cycle.[5] An example of a month: Ọnwa Mbụ
UseThe Igbo calendar is not universal, and is described as "not something written down and followed ... rather it is observed in the mind of the people."[6] Naming after datesNewborn babies are sometimes named after the day they were born on, though this is no longer commonly used. Names such as Mgbeke (maiden [born] on the day of Eke), Mgborie (maiden [born] on the Orie day) and so on were common among the Igbo people. For males Mgbo is replaced by Oko (Igbo: Male child [of]) or Nwa (Igbo: Child [of]). An example of this is Nwankwo Kanu, a popular footballer.[2][7] Months and meaningsThe following months are in reference to the Nri-Igbo calendar of the Nri kingdom which may differ from other Igbo calendars in terms of naming, rituals, and ceremonies surrounding the months. Ọnwa MbụThe first month starts from the third week of February making it the Igbo new year. The Nri-Igbo calendar year corresponding to the Gregorian year of 2012 was initially slated to begin with the annual year-counting festival known as Igu Aro on February 18 (an Nkwọ day on the third week of February). The Igu Aro festival which was held in March marked the lunar year as the 1013th recorded year of the Nri calendar.[8] Ọnwa AbụoThis month is dedicated to cleaning and farming. Ọnwa Ife EkeIs described as the fasting period. It is the period in which all must fast in sacrificial harmony to the goddess Ani of the Earth. Ọnwa AnọỌnwa Anọ is when the planting of seed yams start. Ọnwa AgwụỊgọchi na mmanwụ come out in this month which are adult masquerades. Ọnwa Agwu is the traditional start of the year.[9][10] The Alusi Agwu, after which the month is named, is venerated by the Dibia (priests), by whom Agwu is specifically worshipped, in this month. Ọnwa IfejiọkụThis month is dedicated to the yam deity ifejioku and Njoku Ji and yam rituals are performed in this month for the New Yam Festival. Ọnwa Alọm ChiThis month sees the harvesting of the yam. Ọnwa Ilo MmụọA festival called Önwa Asatọ ({{Lang-ig|Eighth Month}}) is held in this month. Ọnwa AnaAna (or Ala) is the Igbo earth goddess and rituals for this deity commence in this month, hence it is named after her. Ọnwa OkikeOkike ritual takes place in this month. Ọnwa AjanaOkike ritual also takes place in Ọnwa Ajana. Ọnwa Ede AjanaRitual Ends Ọnwa Ụzọ AlụsịThe last month sees the offering to the Alusi. FestivalsTwo major festivals are the new year festival ({{Lang|ig|Igu Aro}}), due around 18 February, the planting season when the king, the Eze Nri in the Nri area, tells the Igbo to go and sow their seed after the next rainfall, and the Harvest festival ({{Lang|ig|Emume Ọnwa-asatọ}}) in the eighth month.[11] The Nri-Igbo yearly counting festival known as {{Lang|ig|Igu Aro}} marked 10 March 2012 as the beginning of the 1013th year of the Nri calendar. The festival was delayed due to other events. Imöka is celebrated on the 20th day of the second month.[12] References1. ^{{Cite book|title=Igbo Identity and Personality Vis-à-vis Igbo Cultural Symbols|author=Jọn Ọfọegbu Ụkaegbu|publisher=Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Facultad de Filosofia|date=1991}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|title=Inculturation as dialogue: Igbo culture and the message of Christ |first=Chibueze C. |last=Udeani |pages=28–29 |publisher=Rodopi |year=2007 |isbn=90-420-2229-9}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|title=An Igbo civilization: Nri kingdom & hegemony |first=M. Angulu |last=Onwuejeogwu |publisher=Ethnographica |year=1981 |isbn=978-123-105-X}} 4. ^{{cite book |author=Isichei, Elizabeth Allo |title=A History of African Societies to 1870 |page=247 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-521-45599-5}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|title=Aṅụ Magazine|issue=1| LCCN=88659506|ISSN=0331-1937|date=1979|publisher={Cultural Division, Ministry of Education and Information}|pages=79,104}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=The history of Ntuegbe Nese: A Five-town Clan|author=Sylvanus Nnamdi Onuigbo|publisher=Afro-Orbus Publishing Company, Limited|date=2001|ISBN=9789783525368}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/nov/Naming_practice_guide_UK_2006.pdf |title=Naming practice guide UK 2006 |date=March 2006 |accessdate=2009-04-16}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/85709/1/day-massob-took-over-nri-kingdom.html |title=Day MASSOB Took Over Nri Kingdom |publisher=Thenigerianvoice.com |date=21 March 2012 |accessdate=2012-12-11}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=The Agwu deity in Igbo religion |first=Jude C. U. |last=Aguwa |publisher=Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd. |year=1995 |page=29 |isbn=978-156-399-0}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=The Jewish book of days: a companion for all seasons |first=Jill |last=Hammer |publisher=Jewish Publication Society |page=224 |year=2006 |isbn=0-8276-0831-4}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title=Cow Without Tail, Book 1|author=Godwin Boswell Akubue|publisher= Dorrance Publishing|date=1 January 2013|isbn=9781434915399}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=Ngü Arö Öka: The Öka Lunar Calendar, 2010-2021|author=Emmanuel Kaanene Anizoba|publisher=Demercury Bright Printing & Publishing|date=2010}} External links
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