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词条 Ik language
释义

  1. Names

  2. Distribution

  3. Sociolinguistics

  4. Phonology

  5. Lexicon

     Flora  Fauna  Society 

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

{{Infobox language
|name=Ik
|nativename=Icé-tód
|region=Uganda
|ethnicity=Ik people
|speakers=7,500
|date=2011
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Nilo-Saharan
|fam2=Kuliak
|iso3=ikx
|glotto=ikkk1242
|glottorefname=Ik
}}Ik (also known as Icetot, Icietot, Ngulak or (derogatory{{explain|date=March 2018}}) Teuso, Teuth) is one of the Kuliak languages of northeastern Uganda. The Kuliak languages form their own branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. With the other two Kuliak languages being moribund, Ik may soon be the sole remaining language of its family. Ik is noted by UNESCO as "severely endangered".[1]

A comprehensive dictionary and grammar of Ik has been published in Schrock (2017).[2]

Ik is supported in Unicode, starting with version 8.0.0.

Names

The Ik refer to their own language as Icé-tód [ītʃé-tôd̥̚].[3]

According to Schrock (2015), as a spurious language, Dorobo does not actually exist as a fourth Kuliak language, and may at most be a dialect of Ik.[4]

Distribution

Ik speakers have traditionally resided in Kamion Subcounty, Kaabong District, Uganda, with the Kamion Subcounty consisting of the five parishes Kapalu, Timu, Kamion, Lokwakaramoe, and Morungole.[5] Their traditional homeland is a 50 kilometer-long narrow strip of territory along the Kenya-Uganda border, stretching from Mount Morungole and Kidepo National Park in the north to Mount Lopokok and Timu Forest in the south. Some Ik-speaking villages in Kaabong District are Pirre, Morungole, and Oropoi.[6]

Within the past few decades, Ik-speaking communities have also sprouted up in the following locations.[7]

  • Several hundred Ik in New Site, South Sudan (in Eastern Equatoria state, South Sudan)
  • Approximately 100 Ik across towns and cities northwestern Kenya, including Kakuma
  • A small Ik community in Masindi District, western Uganda

Sociolinguistics

Today, Ik is a highly vital language, although many speakers are also fluent in the local Teso–Turkana languages (such as the Dodoth dialect of Karimojong), Swahili, and to a lesser extent, English.[8]

The Ik language is still stable, as young children still learn the language and remain monolingual until they go to school, and Ik is spoken in all domains of life. Although the community subtly pressures its children to learn more widely-spoken languages like Turkana, they see this multilingualism as good without being detrimental to the vitality of their own language. The community sees the language as vital to maintaining their ethnic identity and wants their children to learn Ik in school.[9]

Phonology

The Ik phonemic inventory, as documented by Schrock (2014), is given below.

Consonants include ejectives and implosives.

Consonants
BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelar
Stopvoicelessptk
voicedbdɡ
implosiveɓɗʄkʼ~ɠ
Affricatevoicelesst͡st͡ʃ
ejectivet͡sʼ
voicedd͡zd͡ʒ
Fricativevoicelessfsʃ
voicedzʒ
Nasalmnɲŋ
Approximantljw
Flapɾ

Ik displays ATR vowel harmony.

Vowels
FrontCentralBack
+ATR-ATR+ATR-ATR+ATR-ATR
Closeiɪuʊ
Mideɛəoɔ
Opena

Three additional phonemes, {{IPA|/tlʼ, ɬ, ɮ/}}, were originally in the language but were lost in the early 21st century.[9]

Lexicon

Some Ik names for native plants and animals (which are aso found in Kidepo National Park) are:[10]

Flora

Ik name Common name Scientific name
asʊnán African pencil cedar Juniperus procera
átsʼᵃ Sycamore fig Ficus sycomorus
ɓʊkʊ́lá Gerrard’s acacia Vachellia gerrardii
ɡáʒadᵃ Red-pod terminalia Terminalia brownii
ɪtɪt́ ɪ ́ Flame tree Erythrina abyssinica
mʊs Candelabra Euphorbia candelabrum
tsʊmˊ Desert date Balanites aegyptiaca
tsʊ́ʊ́r White-thorn acacia Acacia hockii

Ik crops include:[11]

  • sorghum (ŋám)
  • finger millet (rébᵃ)
  • maize (ɲaɓʊraˊ) (introduced New World crop)
  • pumpkins (kaiɗeˊ) (introduced New World crop)
  • beans (moriɗᵃ)
  • vegetable greens (waicíkᵃ)

Fauna

Ik name Common name Scientific name
borokᵃ Bushpig Potamochoerus porcus
ɡasoˊ Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus
kɔtɔ́r Oribi Ourebia ourebi
kʊláɓᵃ Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus
ŋamurˊ Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia
ŋʊrˊ Cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus
ɲól Günther’s dik-dik Madoqua guentheri
róɡᵃ Mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula
tɔrɔmɪɲ Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata
tsɔ́r Baboon Papio cynocephalus
alálá Augur buzzard Buteo augur
fúluƙurú White-crested turaco Tauraco leucolophus
itsókᵃ Amethyst sunbird Chalcomitra amethystina
ƙáraƙár Green wood-hoopoe Phoeniculus purpureus
kíryooró Crested helmet shrike Prionops plumatus
kʊ́rakᵃ Fan-tailed raven Corvus rhipidurus
múɗuɗú Senegal coucal Centropus senegalensis
tsitsᵃ Gabar goshawk Micronisus gabar

Society

Like the neighboring Nilotic peoples, the Ik people have age-groups (cohorts), each with its own assigned totem. Nowadays, the traditional Ik age-group system is mostly obsolete (Heine 1999).[12]

  • Basaúr ‘Eland’
  • Gasar ‘Buffalo’
  • Gwaɪt́ sʼᵃ ‘Giraffe’
  • Kaɗokóⁱ ‘Vervet monkey’
  • Koɗowᵃ ‘Gazelle’
  • Leweɲ ‘Ostrich’
  • Ráɡwᵃ ‘Ox’

Traditional Ik society also has terms for specific prohibitions and taboos, such as:[13]

  • bɔsɛ́s ‘prohibition against fining children or youth’
  • cuᵉ ‘prohibition against failing to give water to elders first’
  • dɛ ‘prohibition against failing to give leg-meat to elders’
  • ifófóés ‘prohibition against eating the first harvest secretly’
  • imwáŋón ‘prohibition against seeing your mother-in-law’

See also

  • Ik word list (Wiktionary)

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-107.html|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|accessdate=May 30, 2012}}
2. ^Schrock, Terrill. 2017. The Ik language: Dictionary and grammar sketch. (African Language Grammars and Dictionaries, 1.) Berlin: Language Science Press.
3. ^Schrock (2014: 14)
4. ^Schrock, Terrill. 2015. On whether 'Dorobo' was a fourth Kuliak language. Studies in African Linguistics 44: 47-58.
5. ^Schrock (2014: 11)
6. ^Schrock (2014: 2)
7. ^Schrock, Terrill. 2014. A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód): Northeast Uganda's last thriving Kuliak language, p.2. Doctoral dissertation, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden.
8. ^Schrock (2014: 14)
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/30201|title=A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód): Northeast Uganda's last thriving Kuliak language|last=B.|first=Schrock, Terrill|last2=Geesteswetenschappen|first2=Faculteit|website=openaccess.leidenuniv.nl|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}
10. ^Schrock (2014: 7-8)
11. ^Schrock (2014: 9)
12. ^Schrock (2014: 11)
13. ^Schrock (2014: 14)

Further reading

  • Schrock, Terrill. 2017. The Ik language: Dictionary and grammar sketch. Berlin: Language Science Press. {{ISBN|978-3944675954}}. 10.5281/zenodo.344792
  • Schrock, Terrill. 2008. Ik (SIL Comparative African Word List ). ComparaLex.
{{Languages of Uganda}}{{Authority control}}

3 : Kuliak languages|Languages of Uganda|Kaabong District

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