“Improved water source”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Improved water source

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An improved water source (or improved drinking-water source or improved water supply) is a term used to categorize certain types or levels of water supply for monitoring purposes. It is defined as a type of water source that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is likely to be protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with fecal matter.^[1]

The term was coined by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of UNICEF and WHO in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The opposite of "improved water source" has been termed "unimproved water source" in the JMP definitions.

In 2017, JMP defined a new term: "basic water service". This is defined as the drinking water coming from an improved source, and provided the collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. A lower level of service is now called "limited water service" which is the same as basic service but the collection time is longer than 30 minutes.^[2]

Definitions

To allow for international comparability of estimates for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation defines "improved" drinking water sources as follows:

Piped water into dwelling^[3]
Piped water into yard/plot^[3]
Public tap/standpipes^[3]
Tubewell/boreholes^[3]
Protected dug wells^[3]
Protected springs (normally part of a spring supply)^[3]
Rainwater collection^[3]
Bottled water, if the secondary source used by the household for cooking and personal hygiene is improved^[3]

Water sources that are not considered as "improved" are:

Unprotected dug wells^[3]
Unprotected springs^[3]
Vendor provided water^[3]
Cart with small tank/drum^[3]
Bottled water, if the secondary source used by the household for cooking and personal hygiene is unimproved^[3]
Tanker-truck^[3]
Surface water^[3]

References

1. ^WHO and UNICEF definitions of improved drinking-water source on the JMP website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606072534/http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/introduction/ |date=2012-06-06 }}, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, accessed on June 10, 2012
2. ^WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴WHO and UNICEF types of improved drinking-water source on the JMP website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003014620/http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/ |date=2015-10-03 }}, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, accessed on June 10, 2012

1 : Water supply

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Definitions

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