“Imputed income”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Imputed income is the accession to wealth that can be attributed, or imputed, to a person when they avoid paying for services by providing the services to themselves, or when the person avoids paying rent for durable goods by owning the durable goods, as in the case of imputed rent.

Taxation of imputed income

Many countries, such as the United States, tax imputed income only in certain limited situations. Imputed income is sometimes difficult to measure, and tax policies regarding imputed income can have political consequences. For taxpayers, not taxing imputed income creates a tax incentive in favor of owning over renting,^[1] and in favor of self-service over hiring.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}} For the economy, not taxing imputed income directs economic activity away from activities associated with extreme and severe division of labor.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}

Example: Durable property

Home ownership is an example of an instance involving imputed income from durable property. If someone lives in their own property, they forgo the rental income on this property in exchange for not owing an equivalent amount of rent to someone else. In effect they are paying rent to their mortgage lender. They also avoid paying income taxes on a portion of that rental income. (In the specific example of home ownership in the United States, this effect is emphasized by allowing home owners to deduct a certain level of their interest payments—but not mortgage principal payments—on home mortgage debts when computing taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes.)

Example: Personal services

An example of imputed income in connection with personal services is the situation where a stay at home mother or father is not taxed on wages that the family implicitly "pays" her or him for their services. If she or he were working for compensation, the wages she or he might pay a hired employee would be taxed. This is a systemic unneutrality that is inevitable in any income tax; the tax favors "leisure" (including self-rendered benefits such as shaving and mowing one's own lawn) over "work" (services sold on the market for remuneration).^[2] The concept of imputing income is logically extensible to any service people perform for themselves, such as cooking their own meals, washing their own laundry, or even bathing themselves.

Legal application in the United States

In dicta in 1934, the Supreme Court touched on the issue of the constitutionality of taxing imputed income:^[3]

Whether the U.S. Supreme Court of the present day would conclude that there is a constitutional prohibition of imputed income is unknown.^[4]

Even though the Internal Revenue Code has no provision establishing an exclusion, most types of imputed income are not treated as income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In 1985, in a discussion of "in kind" income, Professor William D. Andrews, a tax law professor at Harvard Law School, wrote:

Regarding the non-taxability of imputed income from the performance of household services under U.S. federal income tax law, Professor Andrews wrote: ". ... it is commonly considered that difficulties of valuation would interpose an insuperable obstacle to any direct inclusion of such items in taxable income."^[6] Commentators Burke and Friel have written: "The exclusion is rather a matter of administrative practice, but no less firmly established for that reason."^[7]

Regarding the imputed income from the rental value in connection with living in one's own home, Professor Andrews wrote that such income "has never been included in taxable income in the United States."^[8]

On rare occasions, issues concerning imputed income have arisen with regard to working to provide for oneself. At least one court has ruled that the imputed income in connection with produce grown and eaten by a farm owner is not taxable as income to the farmer.^[9]

Similarly, the U.S. federal income tax law does not tax the imputed income consisting of the benefit one obtains from leisure. Professor Andrews wrote: "It would undoubtedly be impractical to try to reflect either the value of leisure or the cost of its sacrifice directly in taxable income."^[10]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c7707.pdf |title=The distribution of gains and losses from changes in the tax treatment of housing |pages=118–120}}
2. ^{{cite book |title=Federal Income Taxation: A Law Student's Guide to the Leading Cases and Concepts|last=Chirelstein |first=Marvin |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Foundation Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=1-58778-894-2 |edition=Tenth |pages=26–28 }}
3. ^¹[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4168218225591685135&q=292+u.s.+371&hl=en&as_sdt=80000002 Helvering v. Independent Life Ins. Co., 292 U.S. 371, 378-79 (1934)](citations omitted).
4. ^See Burke & Friel, Taxation of Individual Income, p. 33 (8th ed.)
5. ^William D. Andrews, Basic Federal Income Taxation, p. 80, Little, Brown & Company (3d ed. 1985). See also Burke & Friel, Taxation of Individual Income, p. 30 (8th ed.)
6. ^William D. Andrews, Basic Federal Income Taxation, p. 81, Little, Brown & Company (3d ed. 1985).
7. ^Burke & Friel, Taxation of Individual Income, p. 30 (8th ed.).
8. ^William D. Andrews, Basic Federal Income Taxation, p. 80, Little, Brown & Company (3d ed. 1985).
9. ^See Morris v. Commissioner, 9 B.T.A. 1273, 1278 (1928) ("It is obvious that [the farmer's produce is] comparable to the rental value of a private residence, which has never been regarded as income or as a factor in the determination of tax liability.").
10. ^William D. Andrews, Basic Federal Income Taxation, p. 82, Little, Brown & Company (3d ed. 1985).