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词条 IMX-101
释义

  1. Composition

  2. Processing

  3. See also

  4. Further reading

  5. References

IMX-101 is a high-performance insensitive high explosive composite mixture developed by BAE Systems and the United States Army to replace TNT in artillery shells, starting as soon as 2011.[1][2][3][4] IMX stands for "Insensitive Munitions eXplosives", which refers to the purpose of IMX-101: to provide explosive force equivalent to TNT without its sensitivity to shocks such as gunfire, explosions from improvised explosive devices, fire, and shrapnel. For example, it is believed that a training incident in Nevada which killed seven Marines would not have occurred with the new explosive. On March 23, 2013, the United States Army ordered $780 million worth of the explosive, with a production of millions of pounds annually, to be produced by BAE at Holston Army Ammunition Plant in Tennessee.[5] The new explosive will cost $8 per pound, compared to $6 per pound for TNT.[6]Time Magazine called IMX-101 one of the "50 best inventions of 2010".[6]

Composition

It is composed of ingredients including 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and nitrotriazolone (NTO).[5] The nominal composition is DNAN, NQ (nitroguanidine), NTO.[9][7] Trace amounts of MNA (N-methyl-p-nitroaniline) are included in some formulations to aid in processing.[8][9]

A Family of Insensitive Melt Cast Explosive Formulations: Insensitive Melt Cast Explosives manufactured at Holston Army Ammunition Plant[10]
FormulationKey IngredientsReplacesPurposeQualification Status (2012)
IMX-101DNAN + NTO + NQTNTArtillery and other large caliber munitionsMaterial qualified; Type qualified for 155mm M795, on-going for 155mm M1122 and 105mm projectiles
IMX-104DNAN + NTO + RDXComp BMortar applicationsMaterial qualified; Type qualification on-going for 81mm mortar, 60mm & 120mm to follow
PAX-48DNAN + NTO + HMXComp BMortar and tank ammunitionMaterial qualified; Type qualification achieved for 120mm IM HE-T tracer round (NAMMO)
OSX-12DNAN + NTO + RDX + AlPAX-28High blast applicationsMaterial under evaluation
PAX-21DNAN + RDX + AP + MNAMain fill for the 60mm M768 Mortar RoundsCurrently in-use in theater
PAX-41date=June 2014}}Main fill for the Spider Grenade, thus a low critical diameter is required.[11]

The performance of PAX-28, a thermobaric, containing a mixture of RDX, DNAN, Al, AP and MNA was found to have an indoor explosive equivalency factor of 1.62 when compared to Composition B.[9] OSX-12 is being studied as a replacement to PAX-28.

Processing

Like Composition B, IMX formulations are melt-castable without thermal degradation, and are thus processed into munitions by a melt pour process starting with a batch melt kettle heated by a steam heat exchanger.[12]

See also

  • M107 projectile
  • XM1128 projectile

Further reading

  • The Characterization of IM Explosive Candidates for TNT Replacement
  • Explosive Ingredients and Compositions for the IM M795 Artillery

References

1. ^BAE IMX-101 Explosive Approved To Replace TNT In US Army Artillery
2. ^DTIC Background and Introduction to IMX-101, -102 and -103 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815235535/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007im_em/BBriefs/7Wilson.pdf |date=2010-08-15 }}
3. ^The Application of New IM Explosive Candidates - DTIC Online {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003030735/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007im_em/BBriefs/7Singh.pdf |date=2012-10-03 }}
4. ^Army Approves Safer Explosive To Replace TNT
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2013/03/26/bye-bye-tnt-new-generation-explosives-for-army/|title=Bye bye, TNT: New generation of explosives for the Army|author=Allison Barrie|publisher=Fox News|date=2013-03-26}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2029497_2030613_2029816,00.html|title=Less Dangerous Explosives|date=2010-11-13|publisher=Time Magazine|author=Mark Thompson}}
7. ^{{cite journal |title= Estimations of Vapor Pressures by Thermogravimetric Analysis of the Insensitive Munitions IMX-101, IMX-104, and Individual Components | doi=10.1002/prep.201300069 | volume=39 | issue=2 |journal=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics |pages=236–242|year = 2014|last1 = Cuddy|first1 = Michael F.| last2=Poda | first2=Aimee R. | last3=Chappell | first3=Mark A. }}
8. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971201457X?np=y |title=Photochemical transformation of the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole | doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.033 |pmid=23228715 | volume=443 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |pages=692–699|year=2013 |last1=Rao |first1=Balaji |last2=Wang |first2=Wei |last3=Cai |first3=Qingsong |last4=Anderson |first4=Todd |last5=Gu |first5=Baohua }}
9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/explosives-im.htm |title=Insenstive High Explosives (IHE)}}
10. ^1 This table is closely modelled on {{cite web |url=https://ttp%3a//www.dtic.mil/ndia/2012IMEM/13862fung8B.pdf%20IMX-101%26gbv%3D1%26ct%3Dclnk |title=2012 IMEMTS, Las Vegas, NV (S2DSEA2012-0148) Process Improvement and Optimization of Insensitive Explosive IMX-101 2012 Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Material Technology Symposium |author=Virgil Fung |publisher=U.S. Army |date=2012 |display-authors=etal }} (Strangely, DNS failed to resolve dtic.mil - citing web cache. Note composition ratios add to 100.300, at least in the cached version)
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007im_em/ABriefs/Fung.pdf |title=DEVELOPMENT & OPTIMIZATION OF A PRODUCTION METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING PAX-41 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719014949/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007im_em/ABriefs/Fung.pdf |archivedate=July 19, 2013 }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imemg.org/res/IMEMTS%202010/presentations/im_tech_1_Patel.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604031221/http://www.imemg.org/res/IMEMTS%202010/presentations/im_tech_1_Patel.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2014-06-04 |title=IMX-104 High Explosive (HE) Loading of 81mm & 120mm Mortars }}

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