| 词条 | Joseph Cowen |
| 释义 |
Joseph Cowen, Jr., (9 July 1829 – 18 February 1900)[1] was an English radical Liberal politician and journalist. He was a firm friend to Anglo-Jewry, and an early advocate of Jewish emancipation, regularly contributing to the Jewish Chronicle. Early lifeThe son of Sir Joseph Cowen, a prominent citizen and Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle upon Tyne from 1874 to 1886, was born at Stella Hall, Blaydon (demolished 1953).[2] Cowen junior was educated privately in Ryton and at Edinburgh University, where he interested himself in European revolutionary movements. Cowen then joined his father in his Blaydon brick business, smuggling documents abroad in the consignments of bricks. Cowen numbered among his friends Mazzini, Louis Blanc and Ledru-Rollin, as well as Herzen and Bakunin. Garibaldi,[2] Felice Orsini and Lajos Kossuth came to visit him in Blaydon. He supported the miners and improved the lot of the working-classes. One area of improvement revisited again by Cowen was education: changes to the Mechanics Working-men institute, was followed by a public library for Newcastle.[3] Political careerIn 1874, he was elected Member of Parliament, succeeding his father, who had held the Newcastle seat as a Liberal since 1865. Joseph Cowen was at that time a strong Radical on domestic questions. He was also a sympathizer with Irish Nationalism,[4] and one who in speech, dress and manner identified himself with the North East mining class. According to Dilke he spoke with a distinctive Tyneside burr. On 13 July 1876, he joined John Bright in introducing Joseph Chamberlain into the Commons as the new MP for Birmingham.[5] Short in stature and uncouth in appearance, his individuality first shocked and then by its earnestness impressed the House of Commons; and his sturdy independence of party ties, combined with a gift of rough but genuine eloquence (of which his speech on the Royal Title Bill of 1876 was an example), rapidly made him one of the best-known public men in the country. He was, moreover, an Imperialist and a Colonial Federationist at a time when Liberalism was tied and bound to the Manchester traditions; and, to the consternation of the official wire-pullers, he vigorously supported Disraeli's foreign policy, and in 1881 opposed the Gladstonian settlement with the Boers. His independence (which his detractors attributed in some degree to his alleged susceptibility to Tory compliments) brought him into collision both with the Liberal parliamentary party and with the party organization in Newcastle itself, but Cowen's personal popularity and his remarkable powers as an orator triumphed in his own birthplace, and he was again elected in 1885.[6] Shortly afterwards, however, the 'Blaydon Brick' retired both from parliament and from public life in 1886,[4] professing his disgust at the party intrigues of politics, and devoted himself to conducting his newspaper, the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, and to his private business. In this capacity he exercised a wide influence on local opinion, and the revolt of the Newcastle electorate in later years against "doctrinaire Radicalism" was largely due to his constant preaching of a broader outlook on national affairs. He served as President of the first day of the 1873 Co-operative Congress.[7] Behind the scenes he continued to play a powerful part in forming North-country opinion until his death. A fine bronze statue of Cowen stands in Westgate Road in Newcastle. His letters were published by his daughter in 1909.[8] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britishpamphlets.org.uk/collections/cowen-tracts.html|title=Cowen Tracts - Collections - 19th Century Pamphlets Online|publisher=}} 2. ^1 http://www.twsitelines.info/smr/5245 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.the-nut.net/articles/joseph_cowen.php|title=The NUT - Joseph Cowen: a friend to the miners|first=John|last=Asher|publisher=}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/very_truly_yours/politics/cowen/|title=Exhibitions|publisher=}} 5. ^Jenkins, R, (1958) "Dilke: A Victorian Tragedy" 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sclews.me.uk/cowen.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104220713/http://www.sclews.me.uk/cowen.htm |archivedate= 4 November 2014 |df= }} 7. ^{{Citation|title=Congress Presidents 1869-2002 |url=http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/downloadFiles/congressPresidentstable.pdf |date=February 2002 |accessdate=2008-05-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528100558/http://archive.co-op.ac.uk/downloadFiles/congressPresidentstable.pdf |archivedate=28 May 2008 |df= }} 8. ^http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/tweed/5.html Bibliography
External links
Thomas Emerson Headlam }}{{s-ttl| title = Member of Parliament for Newcastle-upon-Tyne | with = Thomas Emerson Headlam 1874 | with2 = Charles Frederic Hamond 1874–1880 | with3 = Ashton Wentworth Dilke 1880–1883 | with4 = John Morley 1883–1886 | years = 1874 – 1886 }}{{s-aft| after = John Morley James Craig }}{{s-end}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cowen, Joseph}} 7 : 1829 births|1900 deaths|Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies|UK MPs 1874–80|UK MPs 1880–85|UK MPs 1885–86|Presidents of Co-operative Congress |
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