| 词条 | Josephine Cochrane |
| 释义 |
Cochran was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006 for her invention of the dishwasher. BiographyEarly lifeCochrane was the daughter of John Garis, a civil engineer, and Irene Fitch Garis. She had one sister, Irene Garis Ransom.[2] Her maternal grandfather John Fitch was an inventor who was awarded a steamboat patent. She was raised in Valparaiso, Indiana, where she went to private school until the school burnt down. Marriage and childrenAfter moving in with her sister in Shelbyville, Illinois, she married William Cochran on October 13, 1858, who returned the year before from a disappointing try at the California Gold Rush, and went on to become a prosperous dry goods merchant and Democratic Party politician.[3][4]
In 1870 they moved into a mansion, and began throwing dinner parties using heirloom china allegedly dating from the 1600s. After one event, the servants carelessly chipped some of the dishes, causing her to search for a safer alternative.[6] She also wanted to relieve tired housewives from the duty of washing dishes after a meal.[7] Death and recognitionJosephine died of a stroke or exhaustion in Chicago, Illinois, on August 14, 1913, and was buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Shelbyville, Illinois.[8] In 2006 she was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[9] Cochrane's dishwasherOther attempts had been made to produce a commercially viable dishwasher. In 1850 Joel Houghton designed a hand-cranked dish soaker.[10] In the 1860s, L. A. Alexander improved on the device with a geared mechanism that allowed the user to spin racked dishes through a tub of water. Neither of these devices was particularly effective.[11] Cochrane designed the first model of her dishwasher in the shed behind her house in Shelbyville, Illinois in order to protect her china while it was being cleaned. [12] George Butters was a mechanic who assisted her in the construction of the first dishwasher; he was also an employee at the first dishwasher factory. To build the machine, she first measured the dishes and built wire compartments, each specially designed to fit either plates, cups, or saucers. The compartments were placed inside a wheel that lay flat inside a copper boiler. A motor turned the wheel while hot soapy water squirted up from the bottom of the boiler and rained down on the dishes. Her dishwasher was the first to use water pressure instead of scrubbers to clean the dishes inside the machine.[13] After receiving a patent on December 28, 1886[14] she showed her invention at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and won the highest prize for "best mechanical construction, durability and adaptation to its line of work". The word spread, and soon Cochrane was getting orders for her dishwashing machine from restaurants and hotels in Illinois. The factory business, Garis-Cochran, began production in 1897. It wasn't until the 1950s that dishwashers became a common household item after new suburban homes were built with the plumbing required to handle the extra hot water.[15] References1. ^{{cite book|author1=David John Cole|author2=Eve Browning|author3=Fred E. H. Schroeder|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Everyday Inventions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVQfBSlAZvAC&pg=PA100|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31345-5|pages=100–}} 2. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.nndb.com/people/166/000165668/|title = NNBD tracking the entire world|date = 2014|accessdate = 5 April 2015|website = Josephine Cochrane|publisher = Soylent Communications|last = |first = }} 3. ^Forgotten Newsmakers: JOSEPHINE COCHRANE (1839-1913) Invented the Dishwasher 4. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1476.htm|title = Engines of our Enginuity|date = 1999|accessdate = 4 April 2015|website = Inventing the Dishwasher|publisher = |last = John|first = Lienhard}} 5. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.nndb.com/people/166/000165668/|title = NNBD tracking the entire world|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Ed Sobey|title=The Way Kitchens Work: The Science Behind the Microwave, Teflon Pan, Garbage Disposal, and More|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDfCMTQPMucC&pg=PA41|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-61374-307-2|pages=41–}} 7. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.partselect.com/JustForFun/Inventing-the-Dishwasher.aspx|title = Inventing the Dishwasher|date = 2015|accessdate = 10 April 2015|website = Parts Select|publisher = Eldis Group Partnership|last = |first = }} 8. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.cooksinfo.com/josephine-garis-cochrane|title = Cook's Info|date = 1998|accessdate = 4 April 2015|website = Cook's Info|publisher = |last = |first = }} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=256 |title=Spotlight | National Inventors Hall of Fame |publisher=Invent.org |date=2013-11-21 |accessdate=2016-05-29}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Mary Ellen Snodgrass|title=Encyclopedia of Kitchen History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA320|date=29 December 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45572-9|pages=320–}} 11. ^{{cite news|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/the-secret-history-of-the-dishwasher-2119320.html|title = The Secret History of: The Dishwasher|date = 2010-10-29|accessdate = 2014-05-06|website = The Independent|publisher = The Independent|last = Hilpirn|first = Kate}} 12. ^{{cite | last = Blattman | first = Elissa | title = "Three Every-day Items Invented by Women" | publisher = National Women's History Museum | year = 2013 | url = https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/three-every-day-items-invented-women}} 13. ^{{cite web|url = http://woh.pdx.edu/heroine/2725|title = Portland's Walk of the Heroines|date = |accessdate = 4 April 2015|website = Portland's Walk of the Heroines|publisher = |last = Johanna|first = Brenner|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508232050/http://woh.pdx.edu/heroine/2725|archivedate = 8 May 2015|df = }} 14. ^[https://www.google.com/patents/US355139 US Patent No. 355139A: Dish-washing machine] 15. ^{{cite web|url = http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/josephine-cochrane|title = Lemelson-MIT|date = |accessdate = 5 April 2015|website = Josephine Cochrane|publisher = Lemelson-MIT Program|last = |first = }} External links
6 : American inventors|People from Shelbyville, Illinois|1839 births|1913 deaths|Women inventors|National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees |
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