1. History

2. High level visit

3. Political ties

4. Economy and trade
    Development assistance 

5. Military ties

6. Cultural relations

7. Current issues
    Drug smuggling and capital punishment 

8. Famous Dutch-Indonesians

9. See also

10. References

11. External links

History

In 1603, the VOC commenced operations in what is now Indonesia where it fought wars to expand its domain.^[3] Though Indonesian history featured other European colonial powers, it was the Dutch who solidified their hold on the archipelago. After VOC's bankruptcy in 1800, the Netherlands took control of the archipelago in 1826.^[4] Following this, they also fought against the natives and then enforced a period of forced labour and indentured servitude until 1870 when, in 1901, they adopted the "Dutch Ethical Policy and Indonesian National Revival," which included a somewhat increased investment in indigenous education and modest political reforms. Only in the 20th century, however, was Dutch rule enhanced to what would become Indonesia. Following Japanese occupation during World War II, the Netherlands tried to re-establish their rule,^[5] amid a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle that ended in December 1949. International pressure then forced the Dutch to formally recognise Indonesian independence.^[6] In 1956, the socialist government{{Citation needed|reason=Soekarno was not socialist government, but his government beyond 1955 was more like authoritarian|date=October 2018}} of Indonesia cut off all diplomatic ties with the Netherlands, ties that were restored only in 1968 by the new right-wing government{{Citation needed|reason=there is no verifiable source that explain Soeharto government was right-wing government. His presidency was described as pro-West authoritarian leadership|date=October 2018}}.

High level visit

In 1970, Indonesian President Suharto paid an official visit to the Netherlands, which was reciprocated by Dutch Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard royal visit to Indonesia in 1971.^[7] Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus also paid a royal visit to Indonesia in 1995.^[8]

Political ties

Relations between the two have been marred by the separatist intentions of the West Papua Movement.^[9] Additionally, the Republik Maluku Selatan also seeks separation from Indonesia. In this vein, they have attacked targets^[10] in the Netherlands in the 1970s and 1980s, seeking to force the country to pressure Indonesia into allowing for the secession of their nation. Political ties were then strained as Indonesian officials refused to visit the Netherlands while the group was allowed to bring cases to court against them.^[11] In 2010, Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono cancelled a visit to the Netherlands after the group's activists asked a Dutch court to issue an arrest warrant for him.^[12] The move was condemned by pro-Indonesia Moluccan activists in Jakarta.^[13]

However, the visit of the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Bernard Bot to Indonesia in 2005 to celebrate its 60th independence day anniversary was claimed by the Netherlands to have "marked a[n] historic moment in the relations between the two countries. After this visit, the relations between Indonesia and the Netherlands was further intensified and strengthened by the extension of the cooperation in a wide range of fields."^[14]

Economy and trade

The Netherlands is one of Indonesia’s most important trade partners in Europe. Trade between the two countries in between January and September 2012 reached US$3.314 billion, while efforts are currently underway to further boost that figure.^[2] The Port of Rotterdam and Schiphol Airport have been the main entry points for Indonesian products into the European Union.{{cn|date=December 2016}} Similarly, Dutch companies have seen Indonesia as their gateway to the larger ASEAN market, which is home to more than 500 million people.{{cn|date=December 2016}}

Development assistance

For over 25 years, from 1966 to 1992, development assistance was provided by the Netherlands to Indonesia within the arrangements of the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI).^[15] IGGI had been established in the late 1960s to help coordinate the flow of foreign aid to Indonesia and was convened and chaired by the Dutch government for over two decades throughout the 1970s and 1980s. However, in the early 1990s, the then-Minister for Development Cooperation in the Netherlands, Jan Pronk, became increasingly critical of domestic policy in Indonesia. In response, in early 1992, the Indonesian government indicated that it no longer wished to participate in the annual IGGI meetings in The Hague and preferred that a new donor consultative group, the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), be established and be chaired by the World Bank.^[16] Initially, the Netherlands was not invited to attend CGI meetings. Later, the Netherlands became a member of the group.

Military ties

The Indonesian military still sometimes buys equipment from the Dutch.^[17]

Cultural relations

Traces of Dutch influences in Indonesia include Dutch origin loanwords in Indonesian and cuisine. Some Indonesian dishes have been adopted and, in turn, influenced Dutch cuisine. Though cultural relations are no longer strong, Christianity in Indonesia was a result of proselytisation by mainly Dutch missionaries.^[18] There is also a large Indonesian population in the Netherlands. Many have set up their own churches in what has been termed as a "reverse mission," referring to the Dutch missionaries in the colonies.^[19]

Another legacy of colonial rule in Indonesia is the legal system that was inherited from the Dutch. In 2009, the Dutch Minister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin visited Indonesia in what some considered a stepping stone to reforming its legal system.^[20]

Through centuries of colonial relations, numbers of cultural institutions in the Netherlands — such as Tropenmuseum and Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde in Leiden — has large collections of Indonesian archaeology and ethnology artifacts. Both are the leading center of Indonesian studies in Europe, specialized in its culture, history, archaeology and ethnography. The Erasmus Huis — the Netherlands' cultural centre — was established in 1970 in Jakarta. It was meant as cultural cooperation to promote art and cultural exchanges between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Besides many exhibitions, music performances and films screenings, some lectures on Dutch and Indonesian culture are being held on a regular basis in their auditorium and gallery.^[21]

Current issues

Drug smuggling and capital punishment

In January 2015, the Netherlands recalled their ambassador after Indonesia ignored their pleas for clemency and executed six prisoners for drug offences, one among them is Dutch citizen Ang Kiem Soei. Dutch Foreign Minister Bert Koenders condemned the death sentence, saying that it is a cruel and inhuman punishment.^[22]

Famous Dutch-Indonesians

• Giovanni van Bronckhorst
• Boudewijn de Groot
• Irfan Bachdim

See also

• Netherlands East Indies Corporation
• Indo people
• Netherlands East Indies
• Netherlands-Indonesian Union

References

External links

• Indonesia embassy in the Netherlands
• Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Indonesia
• Indonesian Netherlands Association

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