| 词条 | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac | ||
| 释义 |
|name = Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac |image = Gaylussac.jpg |image_size = 225px |caption = Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac |birth_date = {{birth-date|6 December 1778}} |birth_place = Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, Kingdom of France |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1850|5|9|1778|12|6}} |death_place = Paris, France |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = French |ethnicity = |field = Chemistry |work_institutions = |alma_mater = École polytechnique |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Gay-Lussac's law |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = |signature = Gay-Lussac Signature.svg }} Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|g|eɪ|l|ə|ˈ|s|æ|k}};[1] {{IPA-fr|ʒɔzɛf lwi ɡɛlysak|lang}}; 6 December 1778 – 9 May 1850) was a French chemist and physicist. He is known mostly for his discovery that water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen (with Alexander von Humboldt), for two laws related to gases, and for his work on alcohol-water mixtures, which led to the degrees Gay-Lussac used to measure alcoholic beverages in many countries. BiographyGay-Lussac was born at Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat in the present-day department of Haute-Vienne. The father of Joseph Louis Gay, Anthony Gay, son of a doctor, was a lawyer and prosecutor and worked as a judge in Noblat Bridge.[2] Father of two sons and three daughters, he owned much of the Lussac village and usually added the name of this hamlet of the Haute-Vienne to his name, following a custom of the Ancien Régime. Towards the year 1803, father and son finally adopted the name Gay-Lussac.[3] During the Revolution, on behalf of the Law of Suspects, his father, former king's attorney, was imprisoned in Saint Léonard from 1793 to 1794. He received his early education at the hands of the Catholic Abbey of Bourdeix, though later in life became an atheist.[4][5] In the care of the Abbot of Dumonteil he began his education in Paris, finally entering the École Polytechnique in 1798. Gay-Lussac narrowly avoided conscription and by the time of entry to the École Polytechnique his father had been arrested (due to Robespierre's Reign of Terror). Three years later, Gay-Lussac transferred to the École des Ponts et Chaussées, and shortly afterward was assigned to C. L. Berthollet as his assistant. In 1802, he was appointed demonstrator to A. F. Fourcroy at the École Polytechnique, wherein (1809) he became the professor of chemistry. From 1808 to 1832, he was the professor of physics at the Sorbonne, a post which he only resigned for the chair of chemistry at the Jardin des Plantes. In 1821, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1831 he was elected to represent Haute-Vienne in the chamber of deputies, and in 1839 he entered the chamber of peers. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832.[6] Gay-Lussac married Geneviève-Marie-Joseph Rojot in 1809. He had first met her when she worked as a linen draper's shop assistant and was studying a chemistry textbook under the counter. He fathered five children, of whom the eldest (Jules) became assistant to Justus Liebig in Giessen. Some publications by Jules are mistaken as his father's today since they share the same first initial (J. Gay-Lussac). Gay-Lussac died in Paris, and his grave is there at Père Lachaise Cemetery. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. Achievements
Academic lineage
Publications
See also
References1. ^"Gay-Lussac". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 2. ^Biographical Dictionary Ancient and Modern, Volume 16, Michaud 3. ^Biographical sketch by Gay de Vernon 4. ^{{Cite web|title = December 6: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac|url = http://freethoughtalmanac.com/?p=4190|website = Freethought Almanac|access-date = 2016-02-04}} 5. ^Ramesh Chopra (2005). Academic Dictionary Of Philosophy. Gyan Books. p. 143. {{ISBN|978-81-8205-224-6}}. Renowned French chemist. He was one of the greatest chemists in Europe at the time. He made innumerable discoveries in the science, and even the restored royalty made him a Peer of France, although he worked politically with the anti-clericals. He was closely associated with Arago and shared his atheism. 6. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter G|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterG.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=8 September 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/joseph-louis-gay-lussac|website=Science History Institute |accessdate=21 March 2018}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Ede |first=A. |year=2006 |title=The Chemical Element: A Historical Perspective |page=133 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-33304-1}} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Rosenfeld |first=L. |year=1999 |title=Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry |pages=72–75 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=90-5699-645-2}} Further reading{{commons category|Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac}}{{wikisource author}}
|last= |first= |year=1964 |title=Joseph Louis Gay-Lusac (1778–1850)—Physicist and Fire Balloonist |journal=JAMA |volume=187 |pages=771 |pmid=14094304 |doi=10.1001/jama.1964.03060230099030 }}
|last=Partington |first=J. R. |year=1950 |title=J. L. Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) |journal=Nature |volume=165 |issue=4201 |pages=708 |bibcode=1950Natur.165..708P |doi=10.1038/165708a0 |pmid=15416794 }}
|last1=Gay-Lussac |first1=L. J. |last2=von Humboldt |first2=A. |year=1805 |title=Expérience sur les moyens oediométriques et sur la proportion des principes constituents de l'atmosphère |journal=Journal de Physique |volume=60 |pages= }}
|last1=Crosland |first=M. |year=1978 |title=Gay-Lussac, Scientist and Bourgeois |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-21979-5 }}
23 : École Polytechnique alumni|École des Ponts ParisTech alumni|Corps des ponts|1778 births|1850 deaths|People from Haute-Vienne|University of Paris faculty|Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery|Discoverers of chemical elements|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)|French atheists|French chemists|French physicists|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|19th-century French people|19th-century chemists|Boron|Flight altitude record holders|French aviation record holders|Fluid dynamicists |
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