| 词条 | Joseph Plunkett |
| 释义 |
| name = Joseph Plunkett Seosamh Pluincéid | image = Joseph Mary Plunkett.jpg | image_size = | caption = | nickname = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|11|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = Dublin, Ireland | death_date = {{Death date and age|1916|5|4|1887|11|21|df=yes}} | death_place = Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin, Ireland | placeofburial = Arbour Hill Prison, Dublin | allegiance = Irish Volunteers Irish Republican Brotherhood | branch = | serviceyears = 1913–1916 | rank = Commandant General | unit = Dublin Brigade, Irish Volunteers | commands = General Post Office, Dublin | battles = Easter Rising | awards = | spouse = Grace Gifford | relations = | laterwork = }} Joseph Mary Plunkett (Irish: Seosamh Máire Pluincéid, 21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary and a leader of the 1916 Easter Rising. BackgroundPlunkett was born at 26 Upper Fitzwilliam Street in one of Dublin's most affluent districts.[1] Both his parents came from wealthy backgrounds,[2] and his father, George Noble Plunkett, had been made a papal count.[3] Plunkett contracted tuberculosis (TB) at a young age and spent part of his youth in the warmer climates of the Mediterranean and North Africa. He spent time in Algiers where he studied Arabic literature and language and composed poetry in Arabic.[4] He was educated at the Catholic University School (CUS) and by the Jesuits at Belvedere College in Dublin and later at Stonyhurst College, in Lancashire, England where he acquired some military knowledge from the Officers' Training Corps. Throughout his life, Joseph Plunkett took an active interest in Irish heritage and the Irish language, and also studied Esperanto. Plunkett was one of the founders of the Irish Esperanto League.[5] He joined the Gaelic League and began studying with Thomas MacDonagh, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. The two were both poets with an interest in theatre, and both were early members of the Irish Volunteers, joining their provisional committee. Plunkett's interest in Irish nationalism spread throughout his family, notably to his younger brothers George and John, as well as his father, who allowed his property in Kimmage, south Dublin, to be used as a training camp for young men who wished to escape conscription in Britain during the First World War. IRB involvementSometime in 1915 Joseph Plunkett joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and soon after was sent to Germany to meet with Roger Casement, who was negotiating with the German government on behalf of Ireland. Casement's role as emissary was self-appointed, and, as he was not a member of the IRB, that organisation's leadership wished to have one of their own contact Germany to negotiate German aid for an uprising the following year. He was seeking (but not limiting himself to) a shipment of arms. Casement, on the other hand, spent most of his energies recruiting Irish prisoners of war in Germany to form a brigade to fight instead for Ireland. Some nationalists in Ireland saw this as a fruitless endeavour, and preferred to seek weapons. Plunkett successfully got a promise of a German arms shipment to coincide with the Rising. According to Ernest Blythe, Plunkett's republicanism did not prevent him from suggesting, at a briefing of Irish Volunteer organisers in January 1915, that in certain circumstances it would be in Irish interests for a German Catholic prince to be crowned king of Ireland, nor did anyone present object.[6] Easter RisingPlunkett was one of the original members of the IRB Military Committee that was responsible for planning the Easter Rising, and it was largely his plan that was followed. Shortly before the rising was to begin, Plunkett was hospitalised following a turn for the worse in his health. He had an operation on his neck glands days before Easter and had to struggle out of bed to take part in what was to follow. Still bandaged, he took his place in the General Post Office with several other of the rising's leaders such as Patrick Pearse and Tom Clarke, though his health prevented him from being terribly active. His energetic aide de camp was Michael Collins. Marriage and executionFollowing the surrender Plunkett was held in Kilmainham Gaol, and faced a court martial. Seven hours before his execution by firing squad at the age of 28, he was married in the prison chapel to his sweetheart Grace Gifford, a Protestant convert to Catholicism, whose sister, Muriel, had years before also converted and married his best friend Thomas MacDonagh, who was also executed for his role in the Easter Rising. Grace never married again. AftermathHis brothers George Oliver Plunkett and Jack Plunkett joined him in the Easter Rising and later became important IRA men. His father's cousin, Horace Plunkett, was a Protestant and unionist who sought to reconcile unionists and nationalists. Horace Plunkett's home was burned down by the Anti-Treaty IRA during the Civil War. The main railway station in Waterford City is named after him as was Joseph Plunkett Tower in Ballymun which has since been demolished. Plunkett barracks in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare is also named after him. In popular cultureThe beloved Irish ballad "Grace", written by Seán and Frank O'Meara, is a fictional monologue of Plunkett expressing his love to Grace and his love for the Cause of Irish Freedom in the small hours before his execution.[7] The ballad has been notably covered by Jim McCann.[8]References1. ^{{Cite book | last = O'Neill | first = Marie | title = Grace Gifford Plunkett and Irish freedom: tragic bride of 1916 | publisher = Irish Academic Press | year = 2000 | location = Dublin | page = 18 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nYMiAQAAIAAJ&q=%2226,+Upper+Fitzwilliam+Street%22&dq=%2226,+Upper+Fitzwilliam+Street%22&hl=en&ei=ylfSTK3nBYj6sAOcyIGSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBTgy | isbn = 978-0-7165-2666-7}} 2. ^{{Cite web | title = Review Of 'All in the Blood' | work = A&A Farmar Book Publishers | url = http://www.aafarmar.ie/reviews.asp?titleID=123 | accessdate = 4 November 2010}} 3. ^{{Cite web | title = [Count Plunkett] George Noble Plunkett | work = Ricorso | url = http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/p/Plunkett_GN/life.htm | accessdate = 5 November 2010}} 4. ^{{cite news|title=Joseph Mary Plunkett: Ailing writer who shaped the rebellion|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/thinkers-talkers-doers/joseph-mary-plunkett-ailing-writer-who-shaped-the-rebellion-34143663.html|accessdate=27 September 2016|work=Irish Independent|date=29 October 2015}} 5. ^"A Short History of the Esperanto Movement in Ireland" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070720103044/http://esperanto.ie/english/PDF_files/short_history3.pdf |date=20 July 2007 }} 6. ^[https://www.irishtimes.com/search/archive.html?rm=listresults&q=Ernest+Blythe++&fromDate=01%2F01%2F1966&toDate=12%2F31%2F1967&sortOrder=relevance An Irish Monarchy], The Irish Times, 15 April 1966 7. ^{{cite web | url=https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=5041 | title=DT Correction: Grace (Frank & Sean O'Meara) | publisher=Mudcat Café | date=May 16, 1998 | accessdate=January 25, 2019}} 8. ^{{youtube|SMf6IyJI0e4|Grace - Jim McCann}} Further reading
External links
16 : 1887 births|1916 deaths|20th-century poets|Executed participants in the Easter Rising|Executed writers|Irish Catholic poets|Irish Esperantists|Irish nationalists|Irish poets|Irish republicans|Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood|People educated at Belvedere College|People educated at Stonyhurst College|People from County Dublin|Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic|People educated at Catholic University School |
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