词条 | Insect farming |
释义 |
Insect farming is the practice of raising, eating, and breeding insects as livestock. Insects may be farmed for the commodities they produce, or for them themselves; to be used as food, as a dye, and otherwise. Farming of popular insectsSilkwormsSilkworms, the caterpillars of the domestic silkmoth, are kept to produce silk, an elastic fiber made when they are in the process of creating a cocoon. Silk is commonly regarded as a major cash crop and is used in the crafting of many textiles. HoneybeesCommodities harvested from honeybees include beeswax, bee bread, bee pollen, propolis, royal jelly, brood, and honey. All of the aforementioned are mostly used in food, however, being wax, beeswax has many other uses, such as being used in candles, and propolis may be used as a wood finish. In recent years, wild populations of honeybees{{check|date=May 2018}} have declined significantly. Lac insectsLac insects secrete a resinous substance called lac. Lac is used in many applications, from its use in food to being used as a colorant or as a wood finish. The majority of lac farming takes place in India and Thailand, with over 2 million residential employees. CochinealMade into a red dye known as carmine, cochineal are incorporated into lots of products, ranging cosmetics, food, paint, fabric, etc. About 100,000 insects are needed to make a single kilogram of dye. The shade of red the dye yields depends on how the insect is processed. France is the world’s largest importer of carmine. CricketsAmong the hundreds of different types of crickets, the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) is the most common type used for human consumption.[1] The cricket is one of the most nutritious edible insects, and in many parts of the world, crickets are consumed dry-roasted, baked, deep-fried, and boiled. Cricket consumption may take the form of cricket flour, a powder of dried and ground crickets, which is easily integrated in to many food recipes. Crickets are commonly farmed for non-human animal food, as they provide much nutrition to the many species of reptiles, fish, birds and other mammals that consume them. Crickets are normally killed by deep freezing, where they feel no pain and are sedated before neurological death. WaxwormsWaxworms are the larvae of wax moths. These caterpillars are used widely across the world for food, fish bait, animal testing and plastic degradation. Low in protein but high in fat content, they are a valuable source of fat for many insectivorous organisms. Waxworms are popular in many parts of the world, due to their ability to live in low temperatures and their simplicity in production.[1]Cockroaches{{see|Cockroach farming}}Cockroaches are farmed by the million in China, and became an area of growth in the early 2000s. As foodInsects are farmed to be eaten in a practice referred to as entomophagy. Entomophagy has lasted for as long as, as some sources suggest, 30,000 years.[2] Insects are becoming increasingly viable as a source of protein in the modern diet, as conventional meat forms are very land-intensive and produce large quantities of methane, a greenhouse gas.[1] Insects bred in captivity offer a low space-intensive, highly feed efficient{{Citation needed|reason=Crickets have a feed efficieny comparable to poultry and fish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio#cite_note-26|date=February 2018}}, relatively pollution-free, high-protein source of food for both humans and non-human animals. Insects have a high nutritional value, dense protein content and micronutrient and probiotic potential. Insects such as crickets and mealworms have high concentrations of complete protein, vitamin B12, riboflavin and vitamin A.[1] Insects offer an economical solution to increasingly pressing food security and environmental issues concerning the production and distribution of protein to feed a growing world population. Hundreds of species of crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, moths and various other insects are farmed for human consumption.[1] BenefitsPurported benefits of entomophagy include:
Reduced feedCattle use 12 times the amount of feed that crickets do to produce an equal amount of protein.[7] Crickets also only use a quarter of the feed of sheep and one half the amount of feed given to swine and chicken to produce an equivalent amount of protein.[7] Crickets require only two pounds of feed to produce one pound of finished product.[7] Much of this efficiency is a result of crickets being ectothermic, as in they get their heat from the environment instead of having to expend energy to create their own body heat like typical mammals do. Nutrient efficiencyInsects are nutrient efficient compared to other meat sources. Locusts for example contain between 8 and 20 milligrams of iron for every 100 grams of raw locust. Beef on the other hand contains roughly 6 milligrams of iron in the same amount of meat. Crickets as well are very efficient when you compare nutrients. For every 100 grams of substance crickets contain 12.9 grams of protein, 121 calories, and 5.5 grams of fat. Beef contains more protein containing 23.5 grams in 100 grams of substance, but also has roughly 3 times the calories, and four times the amount of fat as crickets do in 100 grams. So, per 100 grams of substance, crickets contain only half the nutrients of beef, except for iron. High levels of iron are implicated in bowel cancer[10] and heart disease.[11] Greenhouse gas emissionsThe raising of livestock is responsible for 18% of all greenhouse gases emitted.[7] Alternative sources of protein, such as insects, replace protein sourced from livestock and help decrease the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from food production. Insect raising has negligible emissions compared to livestock, since no farmed insect species besides termites release methane,[7] and none create ammonia. Land usageLivestock raising accounts for 70% of agricultural land use.[12] This results in a tremendous amount of land-cover change which destroys local ecosystems and displaces people and wildlife. Insect farming is minimally space intensive compared to other conventional livestock,[12] and can even take place in populated urban centers. Footnotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniella-martin/what-do-bugs-taste-like-a_b_901775.html|title=What Do Bugs Taste Like, Anyway?|last=Martin|first=Daniella|date=2011-07-18|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-17}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/964770230|title=Encyclopedia of entomology|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Springer|isbn=0792386701|oclc=964770230}} 3. ^https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/10/eating-bugs-food_n_4726371.html?slideshow=true name="Huffington Post" title=Here’s Why You Should Start Eating (More) Bugs 4. ^https://www.livestrong.com/article/301054-list-of-non-fiber-foods/ 5. ^https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/10/eating-bugs-food_n_4726371.html?slideshow=true name="Huffington Post" title=Here’s Why You Should Start Eating (More) Bugs 6. ^https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/10/eating-bugs-food_n_4726371.html?slideshow=true name="Huffington Post" title=Here’s Why You Should Start Eating (More) Bugs 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893013301|title=Edible insects : future prospects for food and feed security|last=Joost,|first=Van Itterbeeck,|last2=Harmke,|first2=Klunder,|last3=Nations,|first3=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|isbn=9789251075968|oclc=893013301}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Capinera | first=John L. | title=Encyclopedia of Entomology | publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers | year=2004 | isbn=0-7923-8670-1}} 9. ^https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/10/eating-bugs-food_n_4726371.html?slideshow=true name="Huffington Post" title=Here’s Why You Should Start Eating (More) Bugs 10. ^http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/502752_4 11. ^http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20001025/too-much-iron-may-lead-to-heart-attack 12. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=van Huis|first=A.|last2=Dicke|first2=M.|last3=Loon|first3=J.J.A. van|title=Insects to feed the world|url=http://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/pdf/10.3920/JIFF2015.x002|journal=Journal of Insects as Food and Feed|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–5|doi=10.3920/jiff2015.x002}} References
See also
2 : Agriculture by type|Insect rearing |
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