| 词条 | Insects as food | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Insects as food or edible insects are insect species used for human consumption, e.g., whole or as an ingredient in processed food products such as burger patties, pasta, or snacks. The cultural and biological process of eating insects (by humans as well as animals) is described as entomophagy. Edible insectsFrequently consumed insect speciesEstimates of numbers of edible insect species consumed globally range from 1,000 to 2,000.[1] These species include 235 butterflies and moths, 344 beetles, 313 ants, bees and wasps, 239 grasshoppers, crickets and cockroaches, 39 termites, and 20 dragonflies, as well as cicadas.[2] Which species are consumed varies by region due to differences in environment, ecosystems, and climate. The table below lists the top five insect orders consumed by humans worldwide, retrieved from Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security by Arnold van Huis, Joost Van Itterbeeck, Harmke Klunder, Esther Mertens, Afton Halloran, Giulia Muir and Paul Vantomme.[3]
For a list of edible insects consumed locally see: List of edible insects by country. Edible insects for industrialized mass productionIn Western markets such as Europe and North America, academics as well as large-scale insect food producers such as Entomofarms in Canada, Aspire Food Group in the United States,[4] Protifarm in the Netherlands, and Bühler Group in Switzerland, focus on four insects species suitable for human consumption as well as industrialized mass production:[5]
Nutritional profileInsects are nutrient efficient compared to other meat sources. Insects such as crickets are a complete protein and contain a useful amount, comparable with protein from soybeans, though less than in casein (found in foods such as cheese).[6] They have dietary fiber and include mostly unsaturated fat and contain some vitamins, such as vitamin B12[7], riboflavin and vitamin A, and essential minerals.[8][9] Locusts contain between 8 and 20 milligrams of iron for every 100 grams of raw locust. Beef on the other hand contains roughly 6 milligrams of iron in the same amount of meat. Crickets as well are very efficient when you compare nutrients. For every 100 grams of substance crickets contain 12.9 grams of protein, 121 calories, and 5.5 grams of fat. Beef contains more protein containing 23.5 grams in 100 grams of substance, but also has roughly 3 times the calories, and four times the amount of fat as crickets do in 100 grams. So, per 100 grams of substance, crickets contain only half the nutrients of beef, except for iron. High levels of iron are implicated in bowel cancer[10] and heart disease.[11]
Farming, production, and processing{{See also|Insect farming}}Edible insects are raised as livestock in specialized insect farms. In North American as well as European countries such as the Netherlands or Belgium, insects are produced under strict food law and hygiene standard for human consumption. Several variables apply, such as temperature, humidity, feed, water sources, housing, depending on the insect species. The insects are raised from eggs to larvae status (mealworms, lesser mealworms) or to their mature form (crickets, locusts), and then killed, in industrialized insect farms by lowering the temperature.[12][13] After that the insects are freeze-dried and packed whole, or pulverized to insect powder (insect flour), to be processed in other food products such as bakery products, or snacks. Aside from nutritional composition and digestibility, insects are also selected for ease of rearing by the producer. This includes susceptibility to disease, efficiency of feed conversion, developmental rate and generational turnover.[14] Insect food productsThe following processed food products are produced by several producers in North America, Canada, and the EU:
Food safetyChallenges and safety concernsIn spite of all the advantages that insect protein are provided, there are some potential challenges caused by production and safety concerns. Mass production in the insect industry is a concern due to a lack of technology and funds to efficiently harvest, and produce insects. The machinery would have to house proper enclosure for each life cycle of the insect as well as the temperature control as that is key for insect development.[17] The industry also has to consider the shelf life of insects in companion animal products as that some can have food safety concerns. Insects have the capability of accumulating potential hazards, such as contaminants, pathogens, the concentration of heavy metals, allergens, and pesticides etc.[18] Table below combined the data from two studies[19][20] published in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, and summarized the potential hazards of the top five insect species consumed by humans.
Hazards in insects that are shown above can be controlled by various ways. Allergic hazard can be labelled on the package to avoid consumed by the allergy susceptible consumers. Selective farming can be used to minimize chemical hazard, whereas microbial and parasitical hazard can be controlled by cooking processes.[21] Regulation and authorisationSwitzerlandOn 1 May 2017, Switzerland has approved the following insect species as food:[22]
Under certain conditions, these may be offered to consumers as whole animals, pulverized, or processed in food products. EUIn the EU, insects fall within the definition of novel food as food ingredients isolated from animals, given by the European Commission. Parts of insects, e.g., legs, wings, or heads, as well as whole insects, fall within this definition.[23] Dossiers for several insects species are currently under review by the European Food Safety Authority. In August 2018, EFSA published a risk profile for the house cricket as food.[24] AwarenessThe World Edible Insect Day, being held on 23 October, was introduced by Belgian entrepreneur Chris Derudder in 2015 to raise awareness globally for the consumption of edible insects, with a focus on Europe, North America, and Australia.[25] Footnotes1. ^{{cite journal|last=Ramos-Elorduy|first=Julieta |title=Anthropo-Entomophagy: Cultures, Evolution And Sustainability |journal=Entomological Research |year=2009 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=271–288 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00238.x}} == External links =={{commons category}}2. ^{{cite book |title=Creepy crawly cuisine: the gourmet guide to edible insects |last=Ramos-Elorduy |first=Julieta |authorlink=|author2=Menzel, Peter |year=1998 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Company |isbn=978-0-89281-747-4 |page=150 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Q7f1LkFz11gC |accessdate=2 April 2010}} 3. ^{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868923724 |title=Edible Insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security |last=van Huis |first=Arnold |isbn=9789251075968 |location=Rome |oclc=868923724}} 4. ^{{cite web |author=Carson, Erin |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/edible-insects-crickets-mealworms-farm-protein/ |title=You're going to be eating crickets, so just get over it |publisher=Cnet |date=12 October 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010090810/https://www.cnet.com/news/edible-insects-crickets-mealworms-farm-protein/ |archivedate=10 October 2018}} 5. ^{{Cite book |url=https://e-insects.wageningenacademic.com/preview|title=Insects As Food and Feed: From Production to Consumption|last=van |first=Huis, Arnold |isbn=9789086862962}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Van Huis |first1=Arnold |title=Edible insects contributing to food security? |journal=Agriculture & Food Security |date=2015 |volume=4 |issue=20 |doi=10.1186/s40066-015-0041-5}} 7. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814618321435 |title=Determination of vitamin B12 in four edible insect species by immunoaffinity and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography |journal=Food Chemistry |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.039 |year=2018|last1=Schmidt |first1=Anatol |last2=Call |first2=Lisa |last3=Macheiner |first3=Lukas |last4=Mayer |first4=Helmut K. }} 8. ^https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/10/eating-bugs-food_n_4726371.html?slideshow=true Here’s Why You Should Start Eating (More) Bugs 9. ^FAO: Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security. Online: PDF. 10. ^http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/502752_4 11. ^http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20001025/too-much-iron-may-lead-to-heart-attack 12. ^The Atlantic (2015-09-24): [https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/09/americas-cricket-farmers/406843/ "The companies farming crickets for human consumption"]. 13. ^Forbes (2018-01-39): [https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2018/01/30/farming-the-next-big-food-source-crickets/#57c655c31168 "Farming The Next Big Food Source: Crickets"]. 14. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144601 |pmid=26699129 |title=Feed Conversion, Survival and Development, and Composition of Four Insect Species on Diets Composed of Food By-Products |journal=PLOS One |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0144601 |year=2015 |last1=Oonincx |first1=Dennis G. A. B |last2=Van Broekhoven |first2=Sarah |last3=Van Huis |first3=Arnold |last4=Van Loon |first4=Joop J. A |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1044601O}} 15. ^Food Navigator (2018-10-12): [https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/10/12/Bugfoundation-s-vision-To-change-the-eating-habits-of-a-whole-continent Article on the insect burger by German start-up Bugfoundation]. 16. ^Reuters (2017-11-23): [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-ediblebugs/finland-baker-launches-bread-made-from-crushed-crickets-idUSKBN1DN17E Finland baker launches bread made from crushed crickets]. 17. ^Rumpold, B.A., & Schlüter O.K. (2013) Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 17, 1–11. 18. ^{{Cite journal |last=van der Spiegel |first=M. |last2=Noordam |first2=M.y. |last3=van der Fels-Klerx |first3=H.j. |date=2013-11-01 |title=Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects, Microalgae, Seaweed, Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=662–678 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12032 }} 19. ^{{Cite journal |last=van der Spiegel |first=M. |last2=Noordam |first2=M.y. |last3=van der Fels-Klerx |first3=H.j. |date=2013-11-01 |title=Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects, Microalgae, Seaweed, Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=662–678 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12032 }} 20. ^{{Cite journal |last=Belluco |first=Simone |last2=Losasso |first2=Carmen |last3=Maggioletti |first3=Michela |last4=Alonzi |first4=Cristiana C. |last5=Paoletti |first5=Maurizio G. |last6=Ricci |first6=Antonia |date=2013-05-01 |title=Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=296–313 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12014}} 21. ^{{Cite journal |last=Belluco |first=Simone |last2=Losasso |first2=Carmen |last3=Maggioletti |first3=Michela |last4=Alonzi |first4=Cristiana C. |last5=Paoletti |first5=Maurizio G. |last6=Ricci |first6=Antonia |date=2013-05-01 |title=Edible Insects in a Food Safety and Nutritional Perspective: A Critical Review |journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=296–313 |doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12014}} 22. ^Bundesamt für Lebensmittelsicherheit und Veterinärwesen (2017-04-28): [https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/de/home/lebensmittel-und-ernaehrung/lebensmittelsicherheit/einzelne-lebensmittel/insekten.html#-399311545 "Insects as food"] (German only) 23. ^European Commission (2018-01-03): [https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/fs_novel-food_leg_q-n-a-new-regulation-nf_en.pdf Questions and Answers: New Novel Food Regulation] 24. ^European Food Safety Authority (28 August 2018): [https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e16082 Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus)]. 25. ^Edible Bug Farm (2015-10-03): Interview with Chris Derudder on WEID.
Further reading
2 : Insects as food|Insects in culture |
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