| 词条 | International recognition of Transnistria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
International recognition of Transnistria (also known as Pridnestrovie) – a disputed region in Eastern Europe located between Moldova and Ukraine – is controversial. Although Transnistria declared independence in 1990, no United Nations member recognises its sovereignty and the region is considered by the UN to be part of Moldova. As of 2011, only Abkhazia, the Republic of Artsakh and South Ossetia recognise its independence, all themselves states with limited recognition. Despite not officially recognizing Transnistria's independence, Russia has established a consulate in the disputed territory. History{{Main|Political status of Transnistria}}In 1990, a Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (PMR) was proclaimed in the region by a number of conservative local Soviet officials opposed to perestroika. This action was immediately declared void by the then president of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Moldova, including Transnistria, became independent. The PMR side said Moldova's declaration of independence was ill-conceived and that it considers the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact to be null and void. The PMR side argues that if this is so, then the Moldovans themselves had agreed to relinquish Transnistria, as this territory never belonged to Moldova, nor to Romania before the signing of the agreement between the USSR and Germany. During the 1992 War of Transnistria some villages changed hands between the PMR government and Moldova proper. PMR forces have often clashed with Moldova's representatives. Foreign policyGovernment documents from Transnistria state that the republic has "established and maintained friendly relations with countries seeking recognition." To this end, it said that relations would continue to develop in a friendly manner with the three states/political entities it has relations with: the Republic of Abkhazia, the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, and the Republic of South Ossetia. It sought to have relations with other foreign countries and international organizations, especially those of Europe, which were seen as "of paramount importance". The pro-European orientation was a consequence of a "general understanding of fundamental values of the world civilization. A lot of Pridnestrovian foreign interests lie in this area. The importance of a harmonic inclusion of Pridnestrovie into the international democratic community makes necessary an active cooperation." Another avenue of importance was cooperation with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe because its importance "as a mediator in the negotiation process between Moldova and Pridnestrovie... in ensuring regional stability." Transnistria's goal was to "rest on the European experience in the future for its positive political, economic, scientific and technical, and cultural development."[1] Transnistria is member state of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations. The government of Moldova does not actively prevent or seek to prevent representatives of other states from interacting with the government of Transnistria.[1] States which formally recognise Transnistria as independentUN non-member states
States that do not recognise Transnistria as independentUN member states
Positions taken by international organisations
Notes1. ^Berg, E./Pegg, S.: Scrutinizing a Policy of “Engagement without Recognition”: US Requests for Diplomatic Actions with De Facto States, in: Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 12 (2017). 2. ^1 The date, when Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria recognize each other is not clear. Abkhazia and Transnistria signed a Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation on 22 January 1993, South Ossetia and Transnistria signed a Treaty on Friendship and Cooperation on 12 October 1994. 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|title=Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же|publisher=Newsru|date=2006-11-17|accessdate=2008-08-26}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html |title=In detail: The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie |publisher=Pridnestrovie |date=2010-05-26 |accessdate=2010-06-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144044/http://pridnestrovie.net/foreignpolicy_full.html |archivedate=11 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }} 5. ^Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." – сказал он." 6. ^[https://books.google.de/books?id=CFtFWceyvpMC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false Vladislav V. Froltsov: Belarus: A Pragmatic Approach toward Moldova, in: Marcin Kosienkowski, William Schreiber (ed.): Moldova: Arena of International Influences, Lanham (Maryland) 2012, pp. 1-12 (here: p. 2).] 7. ^Belarus, Transnistria to foster cooperation, eng.belta.by 29 May 2013.{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 8. ^Belarus’ companies ready to expand cooperation with Transnistria, eng.belta.by 26 April 2013.{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 9. ^Belarus mulls transport engineering, farm projects in Transnistria, eng.belta.by 18 December 2012.{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 10. ^Minsk donates buses, trolleybuses, ambulances to Tiraspol, eng.belta.by 14 August 2012.{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 11. ^1 2 http://en.rian.ru/valdai_foreign_media/20100519/159073808.html 12. ^ 13. ^Transnistria and Serbia confirm interest to cooperate with Russia, infotag.md 27 November 2015. 14. ^Moldawiens Präsident: Wir haben Krieg mit Rußland, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 23.06.1992. 15. ^{{cite news|language=ru|accessdate=9 December 2014|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/1000039-ne-suschestvuet-gosudarstva-pmr-suschestvuet-lish-pridnestrovskiy-uchastok-granitsyi-poroshenko.html|title=Не существует государства ПМР, существует лишь приднестровский участок границы - Порошенко|date=23 October 2014|website=UNIAN}} 16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |title= Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union on the Council Common Position 2009/139/CFSP of 16 February 2009, renewing restrictive measures against the leadership of the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova |work= Council of the European Union |date= 13 March 2009 |url= http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/106648.pdf }} 17. ^CSTO secretary general: Any war in Karabakh and Transnistria will last for long time and cause great bloodshed, en.apa.az 18 June 2015. See also
References{{Reflist|2}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}{{International recognition of states with limited recognition}}{{Foreign relations of Transnistria}}{{DEFAULTSORT:International Recognition Of Transnistria}} 4 : Politics of Transnistria|Politics of Moldova|Foreign relations of Transnistria|Diplomatic recognition |
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