| 释义 |
- Birth
- Career
- Writings
- References
- Bibliography
- Further reading
{{Infobox Officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = José María de Tornel y Mendívil
|image = Jmatornel.gif
|office = Governor of the Federal District
|term_start = 23 February 1828
|term_end = 3 December 1828
|predecessor = José Ignacio Esteva
|successor = José Ignacio Esteva
|office1 = Governor of Veracruz
|term_start1 = 1828
|term_end1 = 1829
|predecessor1 = Miguel Barragán
|successor1 = Sebastian Camacho Castilla
|office2 = Governor of the Federal District
|term_start2 = 24 November 1833
|term_end2 = 12 January 1835
|predecessor2 = José Ignacio Esteva
|successor2 = Ramon Lopez Rayon
|birth_date ={{birth date|1795|3|1}}
|birth_place = Orziba, Veracruz, New Spain
|death_date = 1853
|death_place = Tacubaya, Mexico City
}}José María de Tornel y Mendívil (1795–1853) was a 19th-century Mexican army general and politician who greatly influenced the career of President Antonio López de Santa Anna. Birth José Maria Tornel y Mendívil was born March 1, 1795 in the town of Orziba, Veracruz, New Spain to Julian Tornel, a prominent shopkeeper, and Manuela Jacinta Bernarda Mendívil Vidal.{{sfn|Fowler|2000|p=1}} Career Tornel was prominent among the "santanistas,"{{sfn|Haynes|Saxon|Cantrell|Schlereth|2015|pp=103}} a group of politicians and officials who helped Santa Anna return to power frequently, despite defeats in the 1836 Texas Revolution and the 1846–48 Mexican–American War. Tornel advocated a federalist agenda in the 1820s. During that time, Tornel y Mendivil became Mexico's first president Guadalupe Victoria's right arm. Victoria named Tornel the Mexican ambassador to the United States in 1830.{{sfn|Jackson|Wheat|2005|pp=435–442}} His mission was to inform Victoria on Americans' ambitions to take Texas. Thanks to that collaboration, Victoria's government came victorious in the Fredonian Rebellion. Although Tornel supported federalism during the Victoria presidency, he changed his political views to support Santa Anna's reactionary dictatorship in the 1850s. He helped orchestrate the Plan of Cuernavaca revolt in 1834. Tornel served as Minister of War, and helped plan the campaign that led to the Battle of the Alamo. He was the President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1828 and 1841.[1] Writings - The "Tornel Decree" of December 30, 1835 was a key element in the Texas Revolution, giving Santa Anna license to execute all prisoners.{{sfn|Fowler|2007|pp=167,169}}
- {{cite book|last1=Tornel y Mendívil|first1=José María|title=Discurso pronunciado por el exmo. sr. general ministro de guerra y marina don José Maria Tornel en la sesión del 12 de octubre de 1842 del Congreso constituyente. en apoyo del dictamen de la mayorá de la comisión de constitucioń del mismo|date=1842|publisher=Impr. de J. M. Lara|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008726965|via=HathiTrust}}
- {{cite book|last1=Tornel y Mendívil|first1=José María|last2=Bustamante|first2=Carlos María de|title=Fastos militares de iniquidad, barbarie y despotismo del gobierno español, ejecutados en las villas de Orizava y Córdoba en la guerra de once años, por causa de la independencia y libertad de la nación mexicana, hasta que se consumó la primera por los tratados de Córdoba, celebrados por ... d. Agustin de Iturbide y d. Juan de O'Donoju. Dalos á luz como documentos que apoyan las relaciones del Cuadro historico de la revolucion, y a sus espensas ...|date=1843|publisher=Impreso por I. Cumplido|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008617606|via=HathiTrust}}
- {{cite book|last1=Tornel y Mendívil|first1=José María|title=Breve reseña histórica de los acontecimientos más notables de la nación mexicana|date=1852|publisher=Comisión Nacional para las Celebraciones del 175 Aniversario de la Independencia Nacional y 75 Aniversario de la Revolución Mexicana|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101376118|via=HathiTrust}}
- {{cite book|last1=Tornel y Mendívil|first1=José María|title=Breve reseña histórica de los acontecimientos más notables de la nación mexicana: [desde el año de 1821 hasta nuestros días]|date=1853|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011719853|via=HathiTrust}}
- {{cite book|last1=Santa Anna|first1=Antonio López de|last2=Castañeda|first2=Carlos Eduardo|last3=Tornel y Mendívil|first3=José María|last4=Urrea|first4=José|last5=Filísola|first5=Vicente.|last6=Martínez Caro|first6=Ramón.|title=The Mexican side of the Texas Revolution, 1836|date=1970|publisher=Graphic Ideas|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101509214|via=HathiTrust}}
References1. ^{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia Política de México 9 Tomo V. |publisher=Senado de la República - Instituto Belisario Domínguez |date=2010 |url= http://www.senado.gob.mx/BMO/pdfs/enciclopedia/NUMERO_9.pdf}}
Bibliography- {{cite book|last1=Fowler|first1=Will|title=Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853|date=2000|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0-313-30914-0|url=https://www.questia.com/read/100995843/|via=Questia|subscription=yes|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Fowler|first1=Will|title=Santa Anna of Mexico|date=2007|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-5646-0|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/11806|via=Project MUSE|subscription=yes|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Haynes|first1=Sam W.|last2=Saxon|first2=Gerald D. |last3=Cantrell |first3=Gregg |last4=Schlereth|first4=Eric|title=Contested Empire: Rethinking the Texas Revolution|date=2015|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-62349-310-3|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/40835|via=Project MUSE|subscription=yes|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Jack|last2=Wheat|first2=John|title=Almonte's Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Inspection, Secret Report & Role in the 1836 Campaign|url=https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth296837/m1/1/|date=2005|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|isbn=978-0-87611-207-6|location=Denton, TX|via=Portal to Texas History|ref=harv}}
Further reading - {{cite journal|last1=Winders|first1=Richard Bruce|title="This Is A Cruel Truth, But I Cannot Omit It": The Origin and Effect of Mexico's No Quarter Policy in the Texas Revolution|journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly|date=April 4, 2017|volume=120|issue=4|pages=412–439|doi=10.1353/swh.2017.0000|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/651600|via=Project MUSE |subscription=yes|accessdate=July 11, 2017|issn=1558-9560}}
{{Heads of Government of the Mexican Federal District}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tornel, Jose Maria}}{{mexico-mil-bio-stub}}{{Mexico-politician-stub}} 6 : 1795 births|1853 deaths|Mexican people of Basque descent|Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)|People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution|Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War |