1. References

Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death involving the degradation of cellular constituents by a group of cysteine proteases called caspases. The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) or extrinsic (death receptor mediated) apoptotic pathways.

The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Cytochrome c then forms a multi-protein complex known as the "apoptosome" and initiates activation of the caspase cascade through caspase 9.

References

• Danial, N.N., and Korsmeyer, S.J. (2004). Cell death: critical control points. Cell 116, 205-219.
• Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., and Brenner, C. (2007). Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol Rev 87, 99-163.
• Taylor, R.C., Cullen, S.P., and Martin, S.J. (2008). Apoptosis: controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9, 231-241.

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