词条 | Iranian folklore |
释义 |
Iranian folklore encompasses the folk traditions that have evolved in Iran. Oral legendsFolktalesStorytelling has an important presence in Iranian culture.[1] In classical Iran, minstrels performed for their audiences at royal courts[1] and in public theaters.[2] A minstrel was referred to by the Parthians as {{transl|xpr|gōsān}} in Parthian, and by the Sasanians as {{transl|pal|huniyāgar}} in Middle Persian.[2] Since the time of the Safavid dynasty, storytellers and poetry readers appeared at coffeehouses.[3]The following are a number of folktales known to the people of Iran.
Below are a number of historical tale books that contain Iranian folktales.
HeroesHeroes in {{transl|fa|Šāhnāme}}
Other heroes
Characters in jokes
Creatures
Locations
Social beliefs and practices
Ceremonies
Folk-games
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dastan-sarai |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=DĀSTĀN-SARĀʾĪ |volume=VII |pages=102–103 |date=November 18, 2011}} 2. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gosan |title=GŌSĀN |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=Xi |pages=167-170 |date=February 17, 2012}} 3. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coffeehouse-qahva-kana |title=COFFEEHOUSE |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=VI |pages=1–4 |date=October 26, 2011}} 4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rITYAAAAMAAJ |title=Celebrate the World |chapter=The Old Woman in a Pumpkin Shell |location=New York |first=Margaret Read |last=McDonald |year=1994 |publisher=H.W. Wilson |pages=61–70}} 5. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33AYDAAAQBAJ |first=J. |last=Zipes |title=The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World 2e |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |page=190}} 6. ^{{cite journal |url=http://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21405.html |title=Explanation and Analysis of Mythical Themes in the Structure of the Tale of “MahPishani” |first=Morteza |last=Heidari |year=2017 |work=University of Isfahan |DOI=10.22108/LIAR.2017.21405}} 7. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fiction-iid-the-post-revolutionary-short-story |title=FICTION |trans-title=ii(d). THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY SHORT STORY |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=IX |pages=597–599 |date=January 26, 2012}} 8. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Omidsalar |first=Mahmoud |title=ČELLA In Persian Folklore |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |access-date=December 21, 2011 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cella-term-referring-to-any-forty-day-period#pt1}} 9. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hedayat-sadeq-iii |title=HEDAYAT, SADEQ |trans-title=iii. Hedayat and Folklore Studies |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=XII |pages=121–135 |access-date=October 1, 2017}} 10. ^{{cite news |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/43593/New-films-to-hit-Iranian-silver-screens |work=Mehr News Agency |title=New films to hit Iranian silver screens |date=December 18, 2010 |quote=(...) the story of Auntie Cockroach, as narrated by grandmas and published in storybooks over the years (...)}} 11. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2014/oct/28/iran-best-childrens-books |first=Golbarg |last=Bashi |date=October 28, 2014 |work=The Guardian |title=The best children's books on Iran}} 12. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ofPBAAAQBAJ |publisher=BRILL |title=Farāmarz, the Sistāni Hero: Texts and Traditions of the Farāmarznāme and the Persian Epic Cycle |first=Marjolijn |last=van Zutphen |year=2014 |page=70}} 13. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last= HANAWAY |first= WILLIAM L | title=ĀBĀN DOKHT | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica | accessdate=2009-01-25|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abandokt}} 14. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=HANAWAY |first=WILLIAM L |title=ESKANDAR-NĀMA |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |accessdate=2009-01-25 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eskandar-nama}} 15. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/samak-e-ayyar |title=SAMAK-E ʿAYYĀR |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=July 20, 2009}} 16. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ayyar |title=ʿAYYĀR |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |pages=159–163 |volume=III |date=August 18, 2011}} 17. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdowsi#ref69128 |title=Ferdowsī |author=Boyle, John Andrew |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=July 18, 2017}} 18. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Davis |first=Richard |title=Greece ix. Greek and Persian Romances |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=February 23, 2012 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-ix}} 19. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Virgin_and_Her_Lover.html?id=LwVkAAAAMAAJ |first1=Tomas |last1=Hägg |first2=Bo |last2=Utas |title=The Virgin and Her Lover: Fragments of an Ancient Greek Novel and a Persian Epic Poem |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2003}} 20. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azdaha-dragon-various-kinds |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=III |pages=191–205 |date=August 18, 2011}} 21. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-e-kord-e-sabestari |title=ḤOSAYN-E KORD-E ŠABESTARI |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=XII |pages=515–516 |date=March 23, 2012}} 22. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zur-kana |title=ZUR-ḴĀNA |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=August 15, 2006}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077826/Yaqub-ibn-Laith-as-Saffar |title= Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |accessdate=2007-07-15}} 24. ^{{cite journal |last=Asatrian |first=Garnik |year=2001 |title=Āl Reconsidered |journal=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=150 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |issn=1609-8498 |doi=10.1163/157338401X00189 |jstor=4030855}} 25. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-folkloric-being-that-personifies-puerperal-fever |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=ĀL |volume=I |pages=741–742 |date=July 29, 2011}} 26. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baktak-a-folkloric-she-creature-of-horrible-shape-personifying-a-nightmare |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=BAḴTAK |volume=III |page=539 |date=December 15, 1988}} 27. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daval-pay |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=DAVĀL-PĀ(Y) |volume=VII |pages=128–129 |date=November 18, 2011}} 28. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Omidsalar |first=Mahmoud |title=DĪV |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=November 28, 2011 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/div |volume=VII |pages=428-431}} 29. ^{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Mahmoud |last1=Omidsalar |first2=Teresa P. |last2=Omidsalar |title=ḠUL |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=February 24, 2012 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gul |volume=XI |pages=393-395}} 30. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/genie- |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=GENIE |volume=X |pages=418–422 |date=February 7, 2012}} 31. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wX5Kprcd6gUC |title=Essays On Nima Yushij: Animating Modernism In Persian Poetry |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2004 |first1=Ahmad |last1=Karimi-Hakkak |first2=Kamran |last2=Talattof |page=128 |quote=...reflexivity defines the amen bird's mythic role: the bird verbalizes the people's wish and they respond with "Amen" ("So shall it be"), thereby echoing the bird's name and making the wish come true... |isbn=9004138099}} 32. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwhkAAAAMAAJ |title=Recasting Persian Poetry: Scenarios of Poetic Modernity in Iran |publisher=The University of Utah Press |year=1995 |page=268 |isbn=0874804922 |author=Karimi-Hakkak, Ahmad |quote=He does so initially by setting up a series of connections between the amen bird and other mythical birds known or imaginable to the poem's readers.}} 33. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |last=Habibi |first=Faranguis |title=SYNGUÉ SABUR: PIERRE DE PATIENCE |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=August 30, 2011 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/syngue-sabur}} 34. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/simorg |title=SIMORḠ |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |first=Hanns-Peter |last=Schmidt |date=July 20, 2002}} 35. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-European Languages |first1=Mate |last1=Kapovi |first2=Anna Giacalone |last2=Ramat |first3=Paolo |last3=Ramat |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |page=447}} 36. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |last=Šakūrzāda, Omidsalar |first=Ebrāhīm, Mahmoud |title=ČAŠM-ZAḴM |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |accessdate=June 30, 2009 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/casm-zakm-lit}} 37. ^{{cite book |first=M. |last=Moin |title=A Persian Dictionary |edition=3rd |page=4752 |language=fa}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=3410 |title=اسفند |trans-title=Esfand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218100703/http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=3410 |archive-date=December 18, 2010 |publisher=Great Islamic Encyclopedia |language=fa}} 39. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Orsatti |first=Paola |title=ḴOSROW O ŠIRIN |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |accessdate=2011-02-13 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kosrow-o-sirin}} 40. ^{{cite book |first=Charles-Henri |last=de Fouchécour |title=Nâz-o niyâz, ou l’amour et l’Orient |publisher=Luqmân |edition=5/2 |year=1989 |pages=77-86}} 41. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/taarof |title=TAʿĀROF |edition=online |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=December 5, 2017}} 42. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Omidsalar|first=Mahmoud | title=SOFRA | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica | accessdate=November 15, 2006|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sofra}} 43. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2015/03/20/402662/The-Celebration-of-Spring-in-Iran |title=The Celebration of Spring in Iran |author=Lezgee, Hoda |date=March 20, 2015 |quote=Nevertheless, the most important curtain-raiser to Norouz is Chaharshanbe Soori which is a fire festival held on the eve of the last Wednesday of the calendar year. This festival is full of special customs and rituals, especially jumping over fire.}} 44. ^{{cite news |url=http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/61234/call-for-safe-yearend-celebration |title=Call for Safe Yearend Celebration |date=March 12, 2017 |publisher=Financial Tribune |quote=The ancient tradition has transformed over time from a simple bonfire to the use of firecrackers...}} 45. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-toward-east-sea-official-says-n779401 |title=Light It Up! Iranians Celebrate Festival of Fire |date=March 19, 2014 |publisher=NBC News}} 46. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TicTAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals |first1=Jain |last1=Chanchreek |first2=K. L. |last2=Chanchreek |first3=M. K. |last3=Jain |year=2007 |publisher=Shree Publishers & Distributors |page=150}} 47. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |last=OMIDSALAR |first=MAHMOUD |title= DIVINATION |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |accessdate=2009-04-05 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/divination}} 48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2016/04/01/458617/Iran-Sizdah-Bedar-Nature-Day |title=Iranians mark Sizdah Bedar in nature |work=Press TV |date=April 1, 2016}} 49. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mir-e-nowruzi |title=MIR-E NOWRUZI |first=Michèle |last=Epinette |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |edition=online |date=September 15, 2014}} 50. ^{{cite news |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/112907/Yalda-Iranian-celebration-of-winter-solstice |author=Rezaian, Lachin |publisher=Mehr News Agency |date=December 20, 2015 |title=Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice}} 51. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yonOicJi5BEC |title=No More "us" and "them": Classroom Lessons and Activities to Promote Peer Respect |author=Roessing, Lesley |date=2012 |page=89 |isbn=9781610488129}} 52. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/20/local/la-me-adv-persian-winter-solstice-20131221 |title=In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice |author=Hamedy, Saba |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=December 20, 2013}} 53. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti24AwAAQBAJ |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |author=Foltz, Richard |publisher=Oneworld Publications |date=October 22, 2013 |page=29 |isbn=9781780743073}} 54. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alak-dolak-the-game-of-tipcat-played-for-centuries-in-iran-afghanistan-and-surrounding-countries |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=ALAK-DOLAK |edition=online |date=July 29, 2011}} 55. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.irunesco.org/images/baziha-lowdpi.pdf |publisher=Iranian National Commission for UNESCO |title=بازیهای بومی و محلی ایران |page=42 |year=2011 |language=fa}} 56. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwDaAAAAMAAJ |title=Contemporary master's lesson from Darius Safvat |volume=1 |first1=Jean |last1=During |first2=Zia |last2=Mirabdolbaghi |first3=Dariush |last3=Safvat |publisher=Mage Publishers |year=1991 |page=89}} 57. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Jacoby |first1=Oswald |last2=Morehead |first2=Albert |title=poker Origin and spread |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=January 18, 2008 |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253968/poker |quote=(...) Poker is virtually indistinguishable from an older Persian game called as nas, a four-hand game played with a 20-card pack, five cards dealt to each player. This coincidence led some students of games to call poker a derivative of as nas, but this theory has been discredited. (...)}} 58. ^{{cite book |url=https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/379 |title=دانشنامۀ فرهنگ مردم ایران |publisher=Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia |language=fa |year=2014 |page=56}} 59. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bazi-games |title=BĀZĪ |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=IV |pages=60–65 |date=December 15, 1989}} 60. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/card-games-ganjafa-bazi-waraq-bazi |title=CARD GAMES |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=IV |pages=802–803 |date=December 15, 1990}} 61. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/board-games-in-pre-islamic-persia |title=BOARD GAMES in pre-Islamic Persia |first1=Ulrich |last1=Schädler |first2=Anne-Elizabeth |last2=Dunn-Vaturi |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |edition=online |year=2016}} Further reading
External links{{commons category|Folklore of Iran}}
2 : Iranian culture|Folklore by country |
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