| 词条 | Irish maritime events during World War II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Below is the timeline of maritime events during the Emergency,[2][3] (as World War II was known in Ireland). This period was referred to as The Long Watch by Irish Mariners. This list is of events which affected the Irish Mercantile Marine,[4] other ships carrying Irish exports or imports, and events near the Irish coast. TimelineIn this list, the nationality of non-Irish ships is given, the phrase "British-flagged" is used for ships which transferred from the Irish registry.{{timeline-start}}1939{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|September|4|df=y}}|SS {{SS|Athenia}}, torpedoed by {{GS|U-30|1936|2}}, the first British ship to be sunk, Knut Nelson (Norway) lands 450 survivors in Galway.[5][6]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|September|8|df=y}}|Inver tankers fleet transferred to British register.[7] There were plans to build an oil refinery in Dublin Port. In the event, this refinery was not built. Nonetheless seven oil tankers were built in Germany for Inver Tankers Ltd. Each {{convert|500|ft}} long and capable of carrying 500 tons were on the Irish register.[8] "In a manner reminiscent of Chamberlin’s handover of the ports to de Valera, two days after the outbreak of war, de Valera himself transferred the tankers to the British registry without getting any promise of fuel supply in return.[9][10] Earlier, Britain had asked Ireland to requisition the tankers.[11][12] The entire fleet was lost.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|September|11|df=y}}|The Irish-flagged tanker Inverliffey, Trinidad to Coryton with 13,000 tons of gasoline was shelled and sunk by {{GS|U-38|1938|2}}.[13][14]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|September|13|df=y}}|ST Rudyard Kipling was stopped and sunk 40 miles West of Clare Island by {{GS|U-27|1936|2}}. U-27 took the crew of 13 aboard and put them in lifeboats 5 miles from Killybegs.[15]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|October|4|df=y}}|{{GS|U-35|1936|2}} lands survivors from Diamantes (Greek) at Ballymore, Dingle[16]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1939|December|15|df=y}}|{{GS|U-48|1939|2}} stopped the neutral Greek freighter Germaine inward from Albany New York (USA had not yet joined the war) to Cork with a cargo of maize. U-48 sank her falsely claiming that she was en route to England [17]}}1940{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| January|17 |df=y}}|Enid (Captain Wibe) of neutral Norway sailing from Steinkjer to Dublin, 10 miles north of Shetland, went to assist {{SS|Polzella}} (British) which had been torpedoed by {{GS|U-25|1936|2}}, U-25 then shelled and sank Enid.[18] Enid{{'}}s crew survived. Polzella{{'}}s crew were lost.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| January|22 |df=y}}|Songa (Captain Lie) of neutral Norway sailing from neutral New York City to neutral Rotterdam, with a cargo of Empty barrels, sponges, motor tyres, copper, beans, coffee, cotton and tin. Torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-25|1936|2}} as she was to sail through the English channel and might divert to an English port. The crew were in two lifeboats 200 miles from Ireland. One was rescued by the trawler Loddon and Landed in Kinsale. The other was guided to safety by the lighthouse keepers on Rock Island who accommodated them in their own cottages. All 24 crew survived.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| February|2 |df=y}}| Munster (Capt. R. Paisley) mined and sunk while entering Liverpool. One death.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| February|9 |df=y}}| Abwehr II agent Ernst Weber-Drohl landed at Killala Bay, County Sligo aboard U-37. He was equipped with a 'UFA' transmitter, a large amount of cash, and instructions for Seamus (Jim) O'Donovan, the chief IRA contact for Abwehr I/II.[20]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| March|3 |df=y}}| Cato (Capt. Richard Martin), British, from Dublin to Bristol, struck a mine laid by U-29 2.5 miles west of Nash Point. Thirteen died, 2 survived.[21]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| March|9 |df=y}}| Trawler Leukos sunk by gunfire from {{GS|U-38|1938|2}}, NW of Tory Island. Eleven died. (She may have moved between the surfacing U-boat and English trawlers, in the hope that the tricolour would protect her while the English escaped)[23]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| March|11 |df=y}}| City of Bremen rescues crew of Amor (Dutch) in the North Sea. Thirty-three saved.[22]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| May|12 |df=y}}| Kyleclare escapes from Antwerp amid an air-raid during the Battle of Belgium }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| May|27 |df=y}}| Uruguay of neutral Argentina sailing from Rosario to Limerick with 6,000 tons of maize, sunk with scuttling charges by {{GS|U-37|1938|2}} 160 miles from Cape Villano, Costa da Morte, Spain {{Coord|43.40|N|12.16|W|display=inline|type:event|name=Uruguay (ship)}}. Fifteen died, 13 survived.[23]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| June|10 |df=y}}| Violando N Goulandris of then-neutral Greece sailing from Santa Fe to Waterford with a cargo of wheat was torpedoed by {{GS|U-48|1939|2}} off Cape Finisterre. Six died. Twenty-two survived.[24] An explanation was sought from Germany[25]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| June|12 |df=y}}| {{GS|U-38|1938|2}} landed a German spy, Karl Simon, in Dingle. He was promptly arrested and interned for the duration.[26][27]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| June|19 |df=y}}| Adamandios Georgandis of then-neutral Greece sailing from Rosario to Cork with a cargo of wheat was torpedoed by {{GS|U-28|1936|2}} south-west of Ireland {{Coord|43.35|N|11.15|W|display=inline|type:event|name=Adamandios Georgandis (ship)}}. One died. Twenty-two survived.[28] An explanation was sought from Germany[25]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| June|29 |df=y}}| Frangoula B Goulandris of then-neutral Greece Outward Cork to St Thomas torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-26|1936|2}} [29]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July|10 |df=y}}| Petsamo of Finland, inward Rosario to Cork with a cargo of maize, torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-34|1936|2}}, within sight of the Irish coast. Four died {{Coord|51.08|N|09.22|W|display=inline|type:event|name=Petsamo (ship)}}.[30] The 34 survivors made landfall at Baltimore, County Cork.[31] An explanation was sought from Germany[25]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July |11|df=y}}| Moyalla rescues survivors from Athellaird (British) off Cape Clear Island. Twenty saved.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July|12 |df=y}}| Ia of Greece, inward Rosario to Cork with a cargo of wheat, torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-99|1940|2}}. Three died. Twenty-seven survived.[32]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July |14|df=y}}| Thetis A of Greece, inward Rosario to Limerick with a cargo of grain, torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-52|1939|2}}. Nine died. Twenty survived. An explanation was sought from Germany[25]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July|15 |df=y}}| City of Limerick (Capt. R. Ferguson) Cartagena to Liverpool, bombed by aircraft and sunk in Bay of Biscay, {{Coord|48|46|N|12|22|W|display=inline}}[33] 700 miles west of Ushant, .. Two died.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July|15 |df=y}}| Naftilos of Greece, inward San Nicholas to Dublin with a cargo of grain, torpedoed and sunk by U-34. One death Twenty-seven survived.[34] An explanation was sought from Germany[25]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July|20 |df=y}}| City of Waterford (Capt. T. Freehill) shelled by submarine in North Atlantic - escaped[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| July|30 |df=y}}| Kyleclare rescues survivors from Clan Menzies (British) 150 miles west of Loop Head, torpedoed and sunk by U-99. Six died. Eighty-eight survivors brought to Enniscrone.[35] The British government expressed thanks and appreciation[36]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| August|1|df=y}}| Collier SS Kerry Head (Capt. C Drummond) Inbound Swansea to Limerick. Bombed off Kinsale, survived this attack (but, see 22 October). Responsibility was admitted by German Government and compensation paid.[37][38]}} {{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| August|15 |df=y}}| Meath (Capt. T. MacFariane) Belfast to Liverpool carrying 700 cattle, which all drowned. Mined and sunk off the South Stack, Holy Island, Anglesey. Crew rescued by a local fishing trawler. Three crew wounded, all survived.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| August|16 |df=y}}| MV Lock Ryan (Capt. J. Nolan). Inbound Falmouth to Arklow. Bombed off Land's End. Survived.[39]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| August|20|df=y}} |German Bomber attacked SS Macville causing damage and apparently at least one casualty.[40] The attack also damaged the lighthouse on Blackrock Island off the coast of Mayo. Lighthouse keepers unhurt.[41]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| August|24|df=y}} |City of Waterford (Capt. T. Freehill) bombed in Irish Sea. Survived.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| August|26 |df=y}}| Campile town was bombed, probably to stop Irish exports to Britain. Three killed.[42] }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| August|27 |df=y}}| Lanahrone rescues survivors from Goathland (British) off Kerry coast. Eighteen saved.[36]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| September|4 |df=y}}| Luimneach (Capt. E. Jones) sunk by gunfire from {{GS|U-46|1938|2}} in Bay of Biscay.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| September|4 |df=y}}| Edenvale (Capt. N. Gillespie) machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Waterford coast.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| September|17 |df=y}}| Tanker Kalliopi S (Greek) Inbound Halifax to Limerick. Bombed and sunk by Luftwaffe in Sheephaven Bay location {{Coord|55.11|N|7.5|W|display=inline|type:event|name=Kalliopi S (ship)}}[43] }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| September|27 |df=y}}| Trawler SS Kosmos machine-gunned by Luftwaffe north of Scotland.[19][37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| October|8 |df=y}}| Delphin (Greece) Inward Montreal to Cork with maize and wheat, torpedoed and sunk by U-103. All survived.[44] }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| October|17 |df=y}}| MV Edenvale (Capt. N. Gillespie) Limerick to Dublin. Three miles off Helvic Head, Waterford. Attacked by Luftwaffe off the coast of Waterford.[45]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| October|22 |df=y}}| Kerry Head (Capt. C. Drummond). Bombed again, all 12 hands lost, in full view of watchers on Cape Clear Island.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| October|31 |df=y}}|SS Hillfern (British) Inbound Sunderland to Cork with a cargo of coal sunk by Luftwaffe NE of Kinnaird Head.[46]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| November|11 |df=y}}| Ardmore (Capt. T. Ford) struck a mine and sank, off the Saltee Islands. Twenty-four died.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| November|11 |df=y}}|Survivors of the Norwegian DT Davanger which had been sunk by U-48 on 11 October with the loss of 17 lives were seen off the Mayo coast. Locals went out to assist them. Two hours later they landed at Broadhaven. All were admitted to Belmullet hospital.[47]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| December|8 |df=y}}| Schooner Penang (Finland) Inbound Stenhouse Bay, South Australia to Cobh with a cargo of grain, torpedoed by U-140 at {{Coord|55.25|N|10.15|W|type:event|name=Penang (ship)}}. All 18 crew lost.[48]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| December|19 |df=y}}| Isolda (Capt. A. Bestic) a lightship tender, was sunk by Luftwaffe bombers, within sight of Carnsore Point. Six killed. Seven wounded.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| December|20 |df=y}}| Cambria (British-flagged), a passenger ferry had just left Dún Laoghaire for Holyhead was attacked by Luftwaffe which had bombed Sandycove railway station injuring three.[49] Hibernia (British-flagged) was berthing in Dún Laoghaire, a bomber swooped down, lights were extinguished and the bomber flew away.[50]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| December|20 |df=y}}| SS Lanahrone. At anchor in Liverpool docks. Damaged by falling masonry during an air-raid.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| December|20 |df=y}}| }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1940| December|21 |df=y}}| MV Innisfallen (Capt. George Firth) - while leaving Liverpool with 157 passengers and 63 crew. She survived an air raid on the 20th, but on departing on the following afternoon, she hit a mine off Wirral shore near New Brighton and sank. Four died.[51]}}1941{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941|February|22 |df=y}}| SS Menapia Inward Cardiff to Cork, mined,[37] survived}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941|February|22 |df=y}}| Nailsea Lass (British) was sunk by U-48. The second officer E.J. Knight and 18 crew members landed at Ballyoughtraugh, Co. Kerry and the third officer and nine crew members near Berehaven, Co. Cork.[52]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| March|21 |df=y}}| SS Glencullen (Capt. T. Waldron) Inward Barry to Dublin. Strafed by Luftwaffe in Bristol Channel.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| March|21 |df=y}}| SS Glencree (Capt. Douglas McLean) Barry to Dublin. Strafed by Luftwaffe six miles northwest of Helwick Lighthouse, Rhossili.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| March|21 |df=y}}| Irish Shipping was formed as a company 51% owned by the state.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| March|22 |df=y}}| Collier Saint Fintan (Capt. N. Hendry) Drogheda to Cardiff attacked by two Luftwaffe bombers, off the coast of Pembrokeshire and sunk with all hands. Nine dead.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| March|26 |df=y}}| Edenvale (Capt. T. Tyrrell) bombed and strafed by four Luftwaffe planes at the entrance to the Bristol Channel.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| March|27 |df=y}}| SS The Lady Belle (Capt. T. Donohue) Outward Dungarvan to Cardiff. Bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe in Irish Sea.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| April|2 |df=y}}| MV Edenvale (Capt. T. Tyrrell) Inward Cardiff to Rosslare. Bombed and strafed (again) by Luftwaffe in Bristol Channel.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| May|5 |df=y}}| MV Dundalk damaged while at anchor in the river Mersey during an air raid.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| May|12 |df=y}}| SS Menapia (Capt C Bobels) Inward Port Talbot to Rosslare. Bombed and strafed by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast. Two wounded.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| May|15 |df=y}}| SS Assaroe Outward Dublin to Douglas, Isle of Man. Attacked by Luftwaffe off Howth Head.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| May|17 |df=y}}| SS Glenageary (Capt R. Simpson) Inward Barry to Dublin, bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| May|19 |df=y}}| SS City of Waterford (Capt. W. Gibbons) Outward Dublin to Cardiff, bombed and machine-gunned by Luftwaffe off Welsh coast. One wounded[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| May|30 |df=y}}| SS Kyleclare (Capt. T. Hanrahan) Outward from Limerick to Liverpool, bombed off Waterford coast.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| June|13 |df=y}}| Ferry Saint Patrick (Capt. Jim Faraday), British flagged. Outward Rosslare for Fishguard, 12 miles from Strumble Head Lighthouse, bombed by Luftwaffe. Thirty died.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| August|22 |df=y}}| SS Clonlara (Capt. Joseph Reynolds) Cardiff to Lisbon, in convoy OG71 ("Nightmare Convoy") rescued 13 from the Scottish ship Alva, but was later torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-564||2}} off the coast of Spain. Thirteen survivors and 11 dead.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| September|17 |df=y}}| Schooner Crest (Capt. William Brent) wrecked following grounding on a sandbank in the Bristol Channel, while avoiding mines.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| September|19 |df=y}}| SS City of Waterford (Capt T. Alpin) in convoy OG-74, collided with the Dutch tug Thames and sank in the North Atlantic, the crew were rescued by HMS Deptford and transferred to the Walmer Castle. Two days later Walmer Castle was bombed, killing five of the survivors from City of Waterford.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| October|7 |df=y}}| {{MV|Kerlogue}} Inward Swansea to Wexford, struck a mine in Cardigan Bay.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| October|16 |df=y}}| MV Edenvale Outward Cork to Lisbon, off the Cork coast, aerial attack, presumed Luftwaffe.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| October|25 |df=y}}| SS Glenageary (Capt. N. Kelly) Inward Barry to Dublin, aerial attack[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| October|26 |df=y}}| SS Margaret Lockington Newry to Swansea, off the Waterford coast, aerial attack[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| October|29 |df=y}}| SS Lanahrone Inward Vigo to Dublin, Off Saltee Islands, aerial attack.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| November|5 |df=y}}| SS Glencree Inward Newport, Monmouthshire to Dublin off the Welsh coast, aerial attack.[37] Two wounded.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1941| November|5 |df=y}}| SS Glencullen (Capt A Jones) Inward Barry to Dublin. Strafed in the Irish Sea.[37]}}1942{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| March|7 |df=y}}| Schooner Lock Ryan wrecked on Donegal coast. }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| June|2 |df=y}}| SS City of Bremen inbound Lisbon to Dublin, bombed in the Bay of Biscay.[37] }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| August|11 |df=y}}| Irish Rose rescues survivors from Wawaloam (American), sunk by {{GS|U-86|1941|2}} in Atlantic. All 7 crew saved.[53]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| August|13 |df=y}}| Irish Pine rescues survivors from Richmond Castle (British), sunk by {{GS|U-176||2}} in Atlantic. Nineteen saved.[54]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| August|26 |df=y}}| Irish Willow rescues survivors from Empire Breeze (British), sunk by both {{GS|U-438||2}} and U-176 at {{Coord|49|22|N|35|52|W|type:event|name=Empire Breeze (ship)}} while in convoy ON-122, in Atlantic. Forty-seven saved. One lost.[55]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| September|17 |df=y}}| Irish Larch rescues survivors from Stone Street (Panamanian), from convoy ON-127, sunk by U-594 in Atlantic. Forty saved. Thirteen lost.[56]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| November|7 |df=y}}| Irish Beech rescued 13 survivors of the Roxby of convoy ON-142. She was sunk by U-613 at {{Coord|49.35|N|30.32|W|type:event|name=Roxby (ship)}} with the loss of 34 lives.[57]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| November|15 |df=y}}| Irish Pine Boston to Dublin, torpedoed and sunk by U-608, in North Atlantic. Thirty-three died.[58]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| November|30 |df=y}}| SS Kyleclare (Capt F Dawson) bombed in the Bay of Biscay.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1942| December|12 |df=y}}| Irish Poplar collided with launch Eileen and Cork harbour pilot Carraig-An-Cuan during force 8 gale, in the harbour, Five died.[59]}}1943{{timeline-item|{{start date|1943| February|23 |df=y}}| SS Kyleclare (Capt A Hamilton) Inbound Lisbon to Dublin with wheat and sugar torpedoed in North Atlantic position {{Coord|48.5|N|13.2|W|display=inline|type:event|name=Kyleclare (ship)}} by U-456. Eighteen died.[37] }}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1943| May|15 |df=y}}| Irish Oak Inbound Tampa, Florida to Dublin, torpedoed and sunk by U-607, 700 miles west of Ireland. Crew rescued by Irish Plane 8 hours later.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1943| June|2 |df=y}}| SS City of Bremen (Palgrave Murphy) bombed and sunk in the Bay of Biscay. All 11 crew lost.[37]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1943| October|23 |df=y}}| {{MV|Kerlogue}} (Capt Desmond Fortune) attacked by RAF in the Bay of Biscay. Four wounded.[37] Help refused by RAAF.}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1943| December|29 |df=y}}| MV Kerlogue (Capt Thomas Donohue), with a crew of 11, rescued 164 Germans from the Bay of Biscay.[60]}}1944{{timeline-item|{{start date|1944|March|22 |df=y}}|Cymric (Capt. C. Cassidy) lost between Ardrossan and Lisbon. Eleven dead.[61]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1944|July|21 |df=y}}| Irish Fir (Capt, J.P. Kelly) reports a 'near miss' torpedo attack in North Atlantic.[19]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1944|December|20 |df=y}}| Schooner Mary B Mitchell was wrecked in the Solway Firth during a gale.}}1945{{timeline-item|{{start date|1945|March|12 |df=y}}|U-260 having been damaged by a mine, was scuttled by her crew at {{Coord|51.15|N|09.05|W|type:event|name=U-260 (submarine)}}, two miles from Union Hall, County Cork. The 48 crew were interned in the Curragh. It has become known as the "Glandore sub".[62]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1945|April|24 |df=y}}| Monmouth Coast (Capt. Albert Henry Standen) (British) Sligo to Liverpool, 80 miles from Sligo, torpedoed and sunk by U-1305. Sixteen died. One survived.[63]}}{{timeline-item|{{start date|1945|May|2 |df=y}}| Motor Trawler FS Naomh Garbhan; off the Wexford Coast, struck a mine and sank. Three died.[37]}}{{timeline-end}}See also
Notes1. ^1 Featured in the film Moby Dick. 2. ^"The Emergency" was an official euphemism used by the Irish Government to refer to its position during World War II. 3. ^{{Cite journal|date=1939-09-02 |title=Existence of National Emergency |journal=Dáil debates |volume=77 |pages=19–20 |publisher=Government of Ireland |url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909020007.html |accessdate=2008-07-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607110636/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909020007.html |archivedate= 7 June 2011 |df= }} 4. ^In Ireland it is the "Mercantile Marine"; in the United Kingdom it is the "Merchant Navy"; in the United States it is the "Merchant Marine". "Irish Mercantile Marine" refers to the fleet of Irish registered merchant ships, be they privately or government owned, engaged in the commerce or transportation of goods in and out of the navigable waters of Ireland. 5. ^Gray, page 34 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://warsailors.com/homefleetsingles/knutenelson.html|title=M/S Knute Nelson|work=Norwegian Homefleet WW II|publisher=warsailors.com|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 7. ^{{Cite web |title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 |url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html |date=27 September 1939 |work=Sinking of Ships. |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F9WtkP9h?url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html |archivedate=16 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 8. ^{{Cite web|title=House of Commons Debate 21 February 1939 vol 344 cc216-7W |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1939/feb/21/ships-built-abroad |date= |work=Ships Built Abroad |publisher=Hansard |accessdate=21 August 2009}} 9. ^Coogan (Ireland in the Twentieth Century), page 250 10. ^{{Cite book|last=Coogan|first=Tim Pat|title=De Valera|publisher=Arrow Books|location=London|year=1995|page=569|isbn=0-09-995860-0}}. 11. ^{{Cite book|last=Carroll|first=Joseph T|title=Ireland in the war years|publisher=international Scholars Publications|year=1997|page=90|isbn=978-1-57309-186-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iciGAAAAIAAJ&q=requisition#search_anchor}} 12. ^{{Cite web |title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 |url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html |date=27 September 1939 |work=Sinking of Ships |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F9WtkP9h?url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html |archivedate=16 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^Neither the Inverliffey nor U-38 would have been aware of the registry change. 14. ^{{Cite web |title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 |url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html |date=27 September 1939 |work=Sinking of Ships |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F9WtkP9h?url=http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0077/D.0077.193909270020.html |archivedate=16 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }} No casualties 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishshipwrecks.com/shipwrecks.php?wreck_ref=311|title=Steam Trawler Rudyard Kipling Scuttled by U-27 40 miles West of Claire Island Co Mayo 1939|work=Rudyard Kipling|publisher=Irish Shipwrecks|accessdate=23 August 2010}} 16. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.u-35.com/sources/Kerryman1999.htm|title='Submarines in the bog holes': West Kerry's experience of World War II |last=Dywer|first=T Ryle |date=1 October 1999 |publisher=Kerryman http://www.kerryman.ie/|accessdate=2009-08-23}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/146.html|title=Germaine|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=26 April 2010}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.warsailors.com/singleships/enid.html|title=D/S Enid|publisher=warsailors.com|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Forde, Appendix 3 20. ^{{cite book|last1=Graddon|first1=Nigel|title=The Mystery of U-33: Hitler's Secret Envoy|date=1 Jun 2011|publisher=SCB Distributors |isbn=9781935487197 }} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/282.html|title=Cato|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=2009-09-07}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4003-12MAR01.htm|title=Naval Events|last=Kindell|first=Don|author2=Gordon Smith|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day|accessdate=2009-09-07|quote=On the 11th, Dutch steamer Amor (2325grt) was sunk in 51‑24N, 02‑09E, eight miles NW of Fairy Bank Buoy; the entire crew was rescued by Irish steamer City of Bremen (903grt).}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4005-14MAY04.htm|title=Naval Events, May 1940|accessdate=2009-09-07}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=48;nr=20 |title=VIOLANDO N. GOULANDRIS |work=Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history |publisher=ubootwaffe.net |accessdate=2009-08-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031190409/http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=48%3Bnr%3D20 |archivedate=31 October 2005 |df= }} 25. ^1 2 3 4 Duggan, page 111 26. ^{{Cite book|last=Stephan|first=Enno|title=Spies in Ireland|publisher=Four Square|year=1963|page=124}} 27. ^Blair, page 139 - there were two agents: Ernst Weber-Drohl and Wilhelm Preetz, both arrested 28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/363.html|title=Adamandios Georgandis|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=26;nr=13|title=FRANGOULA B GOULANDRIS|work=Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history|publisher=ubootwaffe.net|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=34;nr=17 |title=PETSAMO |work=Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history |publisher=ubootwaffe.net |accessdate=2009-08-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105011038/http://ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=34%3Bnr%3D17 |archivedate= 5 January 2006 |df= }} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/418.html|title=Petsamo|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=29 April 2010}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=99;nr=6|title=Ia|work=Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history|publisher=ubootwaffe.net|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=SS City Of Limerick [+1940]|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?84769|website=wrecksite.eu/|accessdate=11 March 2015}} 34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=34;nr=20|title=NAFTILOS|work=Kriegsmarine and U-Boat history|publisher=ubootwaffe.net|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/439.html|title=Kyleclare|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net}} 36. ^1 Forde, page 69 37. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 {{Cite web|title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 103 |url= http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0103/D.0103.194610230045.html|date=23 October 1946|work=Damage to Merchant Ships. |publisher=Parliamentary Debates |accessdate=21 August 2009}} 38. ^Gray, page 105 39. ^{{Cite web|title=Dáil Éireann - Volume 81 |url= http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0081/D.0081.194102050003.html|date=5 February 1941 |work=Bombing of Motor Vessel. |publisher=Parliamentary Debates - |accessdate=21 August 2009}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waterfordsdead.shaunmcguire.co.uk/c.htm|access-date=1 May 2017|title=Waterford's Roll of Honour - Surname C}} 41. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishlights.ie/tourism/our-lighthouses/black-rock-(mayo).aspx|title=Tourism / Our Lighthouses / Black Rock (Mayo)|accessdate=23 March 2017}} 42. ^{{Cite web|url=http://homepage.eircom.net/~horeswoodns/campile_bombing.htm|title=Campile Bombing|author=Katie C. Lisa W. and Kate B|date=May 2003|publisher=Scoil Mhuire|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 43. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishshipwrecks.com/shipwrecks.php?wreck_ref=161|title=Wrecks List|publisher=Irish Shipwrecks|accessdate=2009-08-26}} 44. ^http://www.ubootwaffe.net/ops/ships.cgi?boat=103;nr=4 45. ^Kennedy, page 107 46. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bpears.org.uk/NE-Diary/Inc/ISeq_10.html|title=Incidents|last=Pears|first=Brian|author2=Roy Ripley|work=North-East Diary 1939-1945|accessdate=2009-08-26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223103204/http://www.bpears.org.uk/NE-Diary/Inc/ISeq_10.html|archivedate=23 February 2009|df=dmy-all}} 47. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.warsailors.com/singleships/davanger.html|title=D/T Davanger|last=Holm|first=O.C.|date=21 August 2008|accessdate=28 April 2010}} 48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/708.html|title=Penang|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=29 April 2010}} 49. ^The storm passed by: Ireland and the battle of the Atlantic, 1940-41, Part 760 By Trevor Allen page 63 50. ^Kennedy page 175 51. ^Forde, page 27 52. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/780.html|title=Nailsea Lass|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=28 April 2010}} 53. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/2008.html|title=Wawaloam|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=2009-08-24}} 54. ^{{Cite web|url=http://union-castle.net/Ship_Richmond_Castle_(1)_wreck.html|title=THE LOSS OF THE "RICHMOND CASTLE"|last=John Derrick|first=John Derrick|work=Recollections|publisher=British and Commonwealth Shipping Company|accessdate=2009-08-24}} 55. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2088.html|title=Empire Breeze|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=2009-08-24}} 56. ^{{Cite book|last=Amborski|first=Leonard E|title=The Last Voyage|publisher=Lightning Source|year=2001|isbn=978-0-615-12217-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSubfwTEQIYC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114}} 57. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2385.html|title=Roxby|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=29 April 2010}} 58. ^{{Cite news|url=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/05/25/story395165469.asp|title=World War II seaman to receive posthumous honour|last=Woulfe|first=Jimmy|date=25 May 2005|publisher=Irish Examiner|accessdate=2009-09-02}} 59. ^MacGinty, page 58 60. ^MacGinty, page 55 61. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dlharbour.ie/content/history/capt_cassedy/19440324_report_of_loss_of_cymric.php|title=History - Harbour Masters Capt. Cassedy|publisher=Dún Laoghaire Harbour Company|accessdate=2009-09-02}} 62. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/fates/dive/dive_ireland.htm|title=Ireland & Northern Ireland|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|accessdate=29 April 2010}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/3503.html|title=Monmouth Coast|last=Helgason|first=Guðmundur|website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net}} Bibliography
ReferencesExternal links
6 : Maritime history of Ireland|Independent Ireland in World War II|Ireland-related lists|Battle of the Atlantic|Chronology of World War II|Military history of the Republic of Ireland |
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